从“山寨机”看非典型名名组合的意义建构

非典型名名组合一方面反映了语言形式和表达的相似性,同时也揭示了意义构建的复杂性。因为该组合的意义并非来自其各组成部分意义的简单相加,而是经过整合后形成的新创意义。换句话说,非典型名名组合的意义是由这两个名词所构成的输入心理空间在环境信息和背景知识的共同影响下形成一个具有新创结构的整合空间,然后经过组合、完善和细化产生了新的意义。     

Understanding Examinees’ Responses to Items: Implications for Measurement

Examinees' thinking processes have become an increasingly important concern in testing. The responses processes aspect is a major component of validity, and contemporary tests increasingly involve specifications about the cognitive complexity of examinees' response processes. Yet, empirical research findings on examinees' cognitive processes are not often available either to provide evidence for validity or to guide the design or selection of items. In this article, studies and developments from the author's research program are presented to illustrate how empirical studies on examinees' thinking processes can impact item and test design.     

会计继续教育探析

时代需要会计继续教育。会计继续教育是经济全球化、知识经济、现代化及我国经济改革的需要。会计继续教育是一种能力教育、素质教育、创新教育。搞好继续教育 ,应树立与时俱进为经济和社会服务的理念 ,将满足教育对象需求和社会对会计人员的要求统一起来。使会计教育和会计工作信息化 ,完善继续教育管理制度和实现会计继续教育的全面发展。     

Challenges in measuring wisdom-relevant constructs in young adult undergraduate students

ABSTRACT

University settings present a unique opportunity for young adults to develop characteristics constitutive of wisdom. One challenge for educators working to support this development involves effectively measuring these characteristics. In this article, we present results from a secondary analysis of cognitive interviews to examine challenges that may arise when young adult undergraduate students respond to self-report measures of Meaning, Identification with all Humanity and Dedication to Lifelong Service—three characteristics of personality-focused accounts of wisdom. Although the items had well-fitting exploratory and confirmatory latent variable models, between 12.5% and 87.5% of students (n = 8 for each item) provided unintended interpretations for each item. This mismatch between students’ interpretations and the intended interpretations can threaten item validity and obfuscate findings from applications such as pre-post assessments. Further research is needed to better understand the factors affecting young adults’ responses to measures of wisdom-relevant characteristics.     

风险投资网络社群结构、信息传播与认知临近性

   本文主要研究中国风险投资网络社群结构影响信息传播。遵循社群结构在认知临近性的影响下改变信息传播的逻辑思路,提出了风险投资网络社群结构的三个维度和信息传播的两种类型,采用实证分析法分别检验。研究发现：社群凝聚性对两种信息传播都是负向影响,地位差异和协调性对两种信息传播都是正向影响。凝聚性比地位差异影响项目信息传播更显著,地位差异比协调性影响项目信息传播更显著。凝聚性与地位差异对经验信息传播的影响差异不显著,地位差异比协调性对经验信息传播影响更显著。认知临近性会正向影响社群凝聚性与两种信息传播的关系,会负向影响社群地位差异与两种信息传播的关系,会负向影响协调性与两种信息传播的关系。     

信息个性化干预对网络辟谣效果的影响研究

[目的/意义]受逆火效应影响,辟谣信息常常达不到预期效果,从信息个性化角度提出抑制逆火效应的方法,为治理网络谣言提供新策略。[方法/过程]基于信息个性化技术及认知资源匹配假说理论,通过对个性化程度不同的辟谣信息进行分组实验,验证个性化程度高低对辟谣信息及信息受众处理辟谣信息所投入的认知资源的作用影响。[结果/结论]个性化程度高的辟谣信息能够显著影响信息受众心智网络中关于谣言的原有观念及相关知识修正,而这一作用产生的原因主要是由于信息个性化程度能够正向的影响信息受众自身的认知资源分配。     

大学生课业任务类型和认知层次对信息搜寻行为的影响研究

[目的/意义]探究大学生课业任务类型和认知层次对信息搜寻行为的影响,将有助于了解大学生在应对不同课程类型、作业类型和作业要求的认知层次的目标时的信息行为特征和体验,从而为优化学习型搜索系统、提升大学生学习效果等方面提出有建设性的建议。[方法/过程]文章通过北京大学本科生课业信息搜寻行为问卷,收集了来自162门课程的作业信息和学生完成这些作业的信息搜寻行为,探究了课程特征、作业类型和作业的认知层次与学生课业信息搜寻行为之间的关系。[结果/结论]研究发现课程类型和作业的认知层次与学生课业信息搜寻的信息源选择和信息使用行为存在密切关系。基于此,文章从教学和信息系统及其服务优化的视角提出了相应的建议。[创新/价值]借用认知学习理论,将认知过程和知识分类两个维度引入到信息行为分析中,探讨了课业任务特征与信息搜寻行为之间的关系。     

Effects of different text display types on reading comprehension,sustained attention and cognitive load in mobile reading contexts

Despite the popularity of mobile reading devices, many studies have indicated that small screens restrict information transmission, adversely affecting reading performance on mobile devices. Moreover, mobile reading typically occurs in different reading contexts. Therefore, suitable text display type for mobile reading in different reading contexts should be considered, such that learners can effectively read content. This work selected the frequently used static and dynamic text display types (i.e. Paging and Auto-scrolling) and assessed their effects on mobile reading performance. Furthermore, the features of static and dynamic text display types were considered when designing a mixed text display type for mobile reading. Based on brainwave detector, reading-comprehension test sheet, and cognitive-load scale, this work designed a mobile reading experiment with a two-factor experimental design to assess the effects of the selected static, dynamic, and designed text display types, which were respectively presented in sitting, standing, and walking contexts, on reading comprehension, sustained attention, and cognitive load of learners. Experimental results show that sitting obtained the highest sustained attention and the mixed text garnered lowest sustained attention. Moreover, although analytical results show that no significant difference existed in overall reading comprehension with each text type presented with the mobile reading contexts, reading comprehension (i.e. memory, comprehension, and application types) was significantly affected by the reading context, and to some degree, the text display type. This work also found that the text display type is a major factor affecting learners' cognitive load; however, learners' cognitive load is not be affected by the considered reading contexts. Among the three text display types, the mixed type generates the highest cognitive load, followed by the dynamic type, and then the static type. In conclusion, the three reading contexts with the three text display types have both advantages and disadvantages for reading comprehension, sustained attention, and cognitive load. As a result, text display type for mobile reading on small screens should be adjusted according to reading context or to improve reading comprehension, attention, or cognitive load.     

论"There-结构"与语篇空间认知建构

“There-结构”作为“存在”思维的体现形式为语篇空间建构提供了物质和认知基础,从而使语篇处在动态的认知空间建构中。对小说语篇和就职演说语篇中的“There-结构”所作对比分析表明,“存在”是语篇空间建构的基础,人类的存在思维促成语篇空间建构,这种建构体现了人类认知的一般规律,即“否定—假设—预测—判断—肯定”的循环互动过程。