面向发展性阅读障碍的数字阅读与纸质阅读比较研究

［目的/意义］ 通过实验法研究发展性阅读障碍儿童在数字阅读与纸质阅读环境中汉字识别能力、语素能力、语音能力和阅读理解能力的差异,为发展性阅读障碍儿童数字阅读干预提供指导。［方法/过程］ 将参与实验的学生分为发展性阅读障碍组、同生理年龄组和纸质阅读同阅读水平组三组被试群体,对实验数据进行相关性分析,对比三组被试在阅读相关认知能力方面的差异。［结果/结论］ 在汉字识别能力、语素能力和语音能力方面,三组被试在数字阅读时的表现均逊于纸质阅读,其中发展性阅读障碍儿童受数字媒介的影响最大。在阅读理解能力方面,仅发展性阅读障碍儿童在数字阅读时阅读理解测试的表现差于纸质阅读,其余两组均在数字阅读时测试成绩更佳。     

用户认知导向的动态信息检索模型构建北大核心CSSCI

信息检索范式经历了系统导向、行为导向阶段,正在转向认知导向。信息检索的认知导向模式为进一步解决人类知识需求和利用问题提供了理论支持。文章从认知导向视角出发,探索了信息检索的本质,阐明了认知导向内涵,进一步明确了认知导向的信息检索设计要求;在此基础上,构建了由用户认知系统、信息检索系统以及交互系统组成的用户认知导向的信息检索模型;最后以科研用户活动为例,构建了面向用户需求的知识服务系统作为应用范例,进一步说明和论证了认知导向的信息检索框架模型的预期应用和服务场景。     

大学生手机依赖与认知失败的关系:冗思和焦虑的作用

采用手机依赖指数量表、认知失败问卷、冗思反应量表和焦虑自评量表,通过网络平台以大学生群体为研究对象进行调查,旨在探讨大学生手机依赖、认知失败、冗思、焦虑之间的关系,共收回有效问卷327份。结果发现:(1)大学生手机依赖显著正向预测认知失败;(2)冗思在大学生手机依赖与认知失败之间起部分中介作用;(3)冗思和焦虑在大学生手机依赖与认知失败之间起链式中介作用。研究表明,手机依赖除了直接影响认知失败,还通过冗思的独立中介以及冗思和焦虑的链式中介效应间接影响认知失败。     

基于社会认知论的Wiki社区知识共享行为研究

在分析Wiki社区知识共享过程和社区成员类型的基础上,以Bandura的社会认知论为理论依据,从Wiki社区环境和社区成员的主体认知两个层面探讨影响Wiki社区知识共享行为的因素,并提出相应的激发知识共享行为的策略,对促进Wiki社区知识共享活动的健康持续发展具有重要意义。     

图书馆学的科学化与合理性

提出图书馆学的科学化和合理性问题。认为以图书馆这一人文社会现象作为自己研究对象的图书馆学,不可能实现绝对科学化和客观性,图书馆学科学化的实质是图书馆学的合理性,即合规律性与合目的性的统一,构建合理性图书馆学理论必须坚持科学实证与哲学人文建构相结合。     

Guiding Low Spatial Ability Individuals through Visual Cueing: The Dual Importance of Where and When to Look

Research suggests that spatial ability may predict success in complex disciplines including anatomy, where mastery requires a firm understanding of the intricate relationships occurring along the course of veins, arteries, and nerves, as they traverse through and around bones, muscles, and organs. Debate exists on the malleability of spatial ability, and some suggest that spatial ability can be enhanced through training. It is hypothesized that spatial ability can be trained in low-performing individuals through visual guidance. To address this, training was completed through a visual guidance protocol. This protocol was based on eye-movement patterns of high-performing individuals, collected via eye-tracking as they completed an Electronic Mental Rotations Test (EMRT). The effects of guidance were evaluated using 33 individuals with low mental rotation ability, in a counterbalanced crossover design. Individuals were placed in one of two treatment groups (late or early guidance) and completed both a guided, and an unguided EMRT. A third group (no guidance/control) completed two unguided EMRTs. All groups demonstrated an increase in EMRT scores on their second test (P < 0.001); however, an interaction was observed between treatment and test iteration (P = 0.024). The effect of guidance on scores was contingent on when the guidance was applied. When guidance was applied early, scores were significantly greater than expected (P = 0.028). These findings suggest that by guiding individuals with low mental rotation ability “where” to look early in training, better search approaches may be adopted, yielding improvements in spatial reasoning scores. It is proposed that visual guidance may be applied in spatial fields, such as STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine), surgery, and anatomy to improve student's interpretation of visual content. Anat Sci Educ. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.     

新媒体用户的内容消费特征与媒介使用模式——以百度百家号的调研分析结论为例(2)

本文把视线聚焦在新媒体的媒体语境当中,以百度百家号为例,考察了新媒体用户在内容层面、认知层面和行为层面上的认知与使用模式。基于对百度百家号用户媒介认知与媒介使用情况的网络问卷调查数据,本研究从新媒体用户重点关注的文章类型、内容来源的关注度以及网络内容的信任度三个方面分析了新媒体用户的内容消费特征并提出了优化网络内容平台内容建设机制及信息扩散机制的策略与建议。在用户层面,需重点培养激活核心用户以提升内容生态的活跃度;在平台层面,需纳入优质内容资源,重视品牌建设。     

Finding the missing Einsteins: Expanding the breadth of cognitive and noncognitive measures used in academic services

Education researchers, policymakers, and practitioners are concerned with identifying and developing talent for students with fewer opportunities, especially students from historically marginalized groups. An emerging body of research suggests “universally screening” or testing all students, then matching those students with appropriate educational challenges, is effective in helping marginalized students. However, most tests have focused on two areas: math and verbal reasoning. We leverage three nationally representative samples of the U.S. population at different time points that include both novel cognitive measures (e.g., spatial, mechanical, and abstract reasoning) and non-cognitive measures (e.g., conscientiousness, creativity or word fluency, leadership skill, and artistic skill) to uncover which measures would improve proportional representation of marginalized groups in talent identification procedures. We find that adding spatial reasoning measures in particular—as well as other non-cognitive measures such as conscientiousness, leadership, and creativity—are worthwhile to consider for universal screening procedures for students to narrow achievement gaps at every level of education, including for gifted students. By showing that these nontraditional measures both improve proportional representation of underrepresented groups and have reasonable predictive validity, we also broaden the definition of what it means to be “gifted” and expand opportunities for students from historically marginalized groups.     

论习语语义形成过程中的隐喻理据--从"面部"说起

体验主义认为,语言源于人们的生活体验,语言中的词汇通过隐喻的影射作用,获得新的语义。从身体的基本部位之一———"面孔"入手,运用认知语言学理论,结合实证的研究方法,可以证明自然语言中的大部分习语和普通词汇一样,其抽象语义也是通过隐喻的影射作用而获得的;在不同语言的习语中,隐喻在很大程度上具有共性。