Psychological Expertise and the Role of Individual Differences: An Exploration of Issues

Cognitive scientists have suggested that individual differences are relatively unimportant in predicting who will become an expert in any particular domain. This stance is at variance with the admissions screening practices of graduate programs in professional psychology as well as with counseling psychology's individual differences tradition. The purpose of this article was to consider some of the issues involved on both sides of this apparent contradiction, with particular emphasis on expertise in professional psychology. I first examine some of the possible operational definitions of expertise in this domain. I then consider salient literature and conclude that there almost certainly are threshold levels of intellectual and interpersonal skills that trainees in professional psychology should have. Beyond these levels, though, it may be that motivation and persistence are the most important variables in predicting the eventual attainment of expertise in professional psychology.     

基于PSO-SVM的上市公司财务危机预警

为实现上市公司的财务危机预警,根据我国的实际情况,将因财务状况异常而被特别处理(ST)作为沪深证券交易所上市公司陷入财务危机的标志,建立财务危机预警模型。该模型采用粒子群优化算法对支持向量机参数进行优选。仿真结果表明,该模型能有效地避免过拟合和欠拟合现象,与神经网络模型相比泛化能力强,预测精确度高。     

研发投入分布特征与研发投资强度影响因素的分析——基于我国30万个工业企业面板数据

利用我国2005-2007年30万家工业企业数据,对工业企业研发投入分布特征进行描述性统计得到:我国仅10％左右的企业有研发活动,在从事研发活动的企业中49.25％的企业研发活动不稳定;年销售收入大于3亿元的特大型企业,其研究开发经费占销售收入的比重也只有0.52％;研发投入产业分布具有明显重型化工业结构特征、地区分布不均衡;政府引导企业研发投入的特征明显;大规模、寿命期长的企业从事研发活动的比例高、研发投入总量大,但研发投入强度反而更低;研发投入集中度较高,约1/4的研发投入集中在有研发投资活动的3％的企业里,研发投资还没有成为一般企业的自主行为.对企业研发强度的影响因素分析得到:第一,企业规模、年龄等内部因素显著正向影响研发投入总量,但显著负向影响研发投资强度,企业规模与“研发投资/总资产”表示的研发投入强度之间存在“倒U”型关系.企业利润显著正向影响私营企业和外资企业的研发投资强度,但对国有企业影响不显著;第二,地区财政的科技支持、银行信贷资金支持显著提高了不同经济类型企业的研发投入强度,但对国有企业的作用大大超过私营企业和外资企业.中国本土企业的创新投入存在两难:国有企业的研发投入规模大、强度高,主要来源于财政和信贷支持,企业缺乏内生的激励与资金来源;私营企业创新投入有内生激励,但缺乏政府财政支持、尤其信贷大力支持.     

基于SOR模型的社会化商务用户行为机理研究

社会化媒体技术的快速发展及其与电子商务的融合,产生了社会化商务。但很多社会化商务平台面临用户活跃度低、客户流失严重等问题,这将影响平台的持续运营和发展。基于SOR（刺激-组织-响应）模型,研究了社会化商务用户行为机理。对收集的340份有效问卷采用结构方程模型分析,考察了影响用户使用和分享行为的因素。结果表明,情感支持、信息支持、服务质量显著影响虚拟社区感,进而影响用户的使用和分享行为。因此,社会化商务平台需要关注社区中的在线社会支持和服务质量,从而促进用户使用和分享行为,确保社会化商务的成功实施。     

上司支持感知对下属建言行为的影响及其作用机制

在当今竞争日益激烈的商业环境中,员工的创新性想法和建议对组织的生存和发展而言就显得尤为重要.本研究采用问卷调查法,以珠三角地区企业组织的员工为研究对象,考察员工的上司支持感知对其建言行为的影响效应与作用机制.结构方程模型分析的结果表明:上司支持感知对下属的促进性建言和抑制性建言均具有显著的正向影响;组织心理所有权在上司支持感知与促进性建言之间起部分中介作用,上司信任和组织心理所有权在上司支持感知与抑制性建言之间起完全中介作用.     

“基于科学的企业”主导逻辑研究——以同方威视为例

本文采用探索性单案例研究的方法,从认知视角对中国情境下高校/研究机构衍生出来的“基于科学的企业”的创新发展主导逻辑进行了深入的研究和分析,研究发现,这类企业存在双主导逻辑并存的现象,分别为“需求归因”和“技术机会归因”逻辑,并且虽然在不同的阶段两种主导逻辑一以贯之,但企业对于两种主导逻辑的侧重即两种主导逻辑对企业的影响程度及方式是不断动态演化的。本研究还进一步探讨了双主导逻辑对“基于科学的企业”自有的不确定性风险的影响、双主导逻辑的演化路径以及对“基于科学的企业”参与和利用基础科学研究的影响以及其对中国情境下“基于科学的企业”相关研究具有的管理启示。     

Field dependence/independence cognitive style and problem posing: an investigation with sixth grade students

Field dependence/independence cognitive style was found to relate to general academic achievement and specific areas of mathematics; in the majority of studies, field-independent students were found to be superior to field-dependent students. The present study investigated the relationship between field dependence/independence cognitive style and problem-posing ability among sixth grade students. The 94 students’ sample was clustered into three groups, according to the cognitive-style field dependence/independence (field dependents, field mixed and field independents). The results suggest that field-independent participants outperformed field-mixed and field-dependent ones in both problem-posing ability and the complexity of the problems posed. It was also found that the content of the task influenced the differences between the three groups of students as regards the ability in problem posing and the complexity of the problems posed; while in the first (informal context), second and fourth task differences were found between the groups, in the third task (formal context), no differences were evident. The results are interpreted in consideration to the relevant literature findings. Some educational implications are discussed and directions for future research are drawn.     

Emotional labour,burnout and job satisfaction in UK teachers: the role of workplace social support

Although teaching has been described as a profoundly emotional activity, little is known about the emotional demands faced by teachers or how this impacts on their well-being. This study examined relationships between ‘emotional labour’, burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment) and job satisfaction in a sample of UK teachers. Also examined was whether workplace social support moderated any relationships found between emotional labour and strain. The relationship between job experience and emotional labour was also investigated. Six hundred and twenty-eight teachers working in secondary schools in the UK completed questionnaires. Significant associations were observed between emotional labour and all outcomes, with a positive relationship found between emotional labour and personal accomplishment. Some evidence was found that social support mitigates the negative impact of emotional demands on emotional exhaustion, feelings of personal accomplishment and job satisfaction. More experienced teachers reported higher levels of emotional labour. Findings highlight the need for teacher-training programmes to raise awareness of the emotional demands of teaching and consider ways to enhance emotion regulation skills in experienced as well as recently qualified staff.     

Bullying and social support: variation by school-type and emotional or behavioural disturbances

The present study analysed whether bullying/victimisation and related social support vary by emotional and behavioural disturbances (EBD) as well as school type. We examined 540 German adolescents with and without emotional disturbances (ED)/behavioural disturbances (BD) attending regular and special schools for students with EBD. Adolescents with BD and co-morbid co-occurring emotional and behavioural disturbances (ED + BD) reported elevated levels of bullying, while students with ED and co-morbid ED + BD reported elevated levels of victimisation. Enhanced levels of overt victimisation were also found in adolescents from special schools. Students from special schools perceived less peer support but more teacher support. Furthermore, adolescents with co-morbid ED + BD were least likely to tell teachers about being victimised. It is concluded that bullying interventions for adolescents with EBD and students from special schools need to be implemented and evaluated.     

Empirical Study of the Role of Government Support and Success Factors in Industry-University-Institute Cooperation

Abstract

Empirical research methods were used to study the state of industry-university-institute collaboration in China and the factors influencing the results of cooperation between members of technological innovation alliances, from the dual perspectives of enterprises and universities/research institutes On the basis of questionnaire surveys of 100 universities/research institutes and 100 enterprises across the country, through factor analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and other methods, we conducted a thorough study of the impact of success factors and government support on the results of cooperation; we found that the format of an alliance has a significant promotional effect on the results of industry-university-institute cooperation, but universities/research institutes have not given this sufficient attention. Among the success factors for industry-university-institute cooperation, enterprises give equal weight to the factors of “ability” and “mechanisms,” while universities/research institutes emphasize “ability.” The government must strengthen policy support for enterprises and guiding support for universities/research institutes.