Understanding human influence on climate change in China

China''s climate has been warming since the 1950s, with surface air temperature increasing at a rate higher than the global average. Changes in climate have exerted substantial impacts on water resources, agriculture, ecosystems and human health. Attributing past changes to causes provides a scientific foundation for national and international climate policies. Here, we review recent progress in attributing the observed climate changes over past decades in China. Anthropogenic forcings, dominated by greenhouse gas emissions, are the main drivers for observed increases in mean and extreme temperatures. Evidence of the effect of anthropogenic forcings on precipitation is emerging. Human influence has increased the probability of extreme heat events, and has likely changed the occurrence probabilities for some heavy precipitation events. The way a specific attribution question is posed and the conditions under which the question is addressed present persistent challenges for appropriately communicating attribution results to non-specialists.     

面向学科新兴主题探测的多源科技文献时滞计算及启示——以农业学科领域为例

为探究面向学科新兴主题探测领域多源科技文献融合过程中的时滞性问题,本文设计了多源科技文献时滞计算方案。首先,从获取的4种科技文献数据集中提取学科主题,计算学科主题间的相似度,构建相似矩阵;其次,基于匈牙利最优匹配算法寻求相似度损耗最小条件下的最优组合;最后,构建线性方程模型并拟合计算时滞程度。本文以2009-2016年农业学科领域337790篇摘要文本为实验数据,抽取基金项目文本学科主题为250个、专利文献为260个、期刊论文为260个、会议论文为240个,利用上述多源科技文献时滞计算方案实验。结果表明:期刊论文滞后于基金项目文本和会议论文1年,专利文献滞后于期刊论文1年,结合以往对不同学科领域数据的研究结果,验证了多源科技文献时滞计算方案的可行性和有效性,同时也为多源科技文献融合策略的制定提供新思路。     

电力系统谐波及其检测技术

根据电力系统谐波检测的基本要求,介绍谐波、间谐波的含义及起源、危害和检测的方法。展望电力系统谐波检测方法的发展趋势。     

How accurate are gender detection tools in predicting the gender for Chinese names? A study with 20,000 given names in Pinyin format

Objective:We recently showed that the gender detection tools NamSor, Gender API, and Wiki-Gendersort accurately predicted the gender of individuals with Western given names. Here, we aimed to evaluate the performance of these tools with Chinese given names in Pinyin format.Methods:We constructed two datasets for the purpose of the study. File #1 was created by randomly drawing 20,000 names from a gender-labeled database of 52,414 Chinese given names in Pinyin format. File #2, which contained 9,077 names, was created by removing from File #1 all unisex names that we were able to identify (i.e., those that were listed in the database as both male and female names). We recorded for both files the number of correct classifications (correct gender assigned to a name), misclassifications (wrong gender assigned to a name), and nonclassifications (no gender assigned). We then calculated the proportion of misclassifications and nonclassifications (errorCoded).Results:For File #1, errorCoded was 53% for NamSor, 65% for Gender API, and 90% for Wiki-Gendersort. For File #2, errorCoded was 43% for NamSor, 66% for Gender API, and 94% for Wiki-Gendersort.Conclusion:We found that all three gender detection tools inaccurately predicted the gender of individuals with Chinese given names in Pinyin format and therefore should not be used in this population.     

基于动态分阶势场法的船舶自动避碰系统

为使船舶在多船避让环境下适应航行环境的变化并自动复航,提出基于动态分阶势场法的船舶自动避碰系统。该系统基于动态势场避障规划算法,利用模糊综合评价法量化船舶碰撞危险度;依据《国际海上避碰规则》确定本船在不同会遇局面下的避让行动,并据此对斥力势函数进行调整。该系统将本船的避碰过程划分为航迹保持、避让和复航3个阶段,根据不同阶段的要求构建动态分阶势场;利用动态分阶势场法对船舶的航行环境进行建模,进而生成恰当的航向指令;利用自动舵产生舵角指令控制船舶完成避让、复航和航迹保持。仿真结果表明:该自动避碰系统可以引导船舶完成既定的避让行动,并能使船舶在安全会遇距离上驶过;该系统可以适应航行环境的变化,且具备航迹保持能力。     

基于无人机激光点云的树障检测与砍伐树木数量估算

电力走廊的树木生长会对输电线路的安全运营造成巨大影响,精确检测出影响线路安全的树木并将其砍伐至关重要。因此,提出一种基于无人机激光点云的树障检测与砍伐树木数量估算方法。首先,对激光点云进行快速自动化处理,先后精确提取地面点、电力线点与植被点;其次,基于电力线点进行分段,并分析电力线与植被点的安全距离,进而确定树障区域的位置和范围;最后,对树障区域植被点云进行单木分割,并统计单木数量,最终实现砍伐树木数量的精准估算。研究结果表明,无人机激光点云可以实现输电通道树障的有效检测与砍伐树木数量的精确估算,总体树木砍伐数量估算精度可达92.3%,可为输电线路安全运营提供遥感技术支撑,也可为电网运维单位制订树木砍伐计划提供可靠依据。     

一种在轨海上多运动舰船目标检测和跟踪方法

传统遥感卫星图像处理采用在地面进行目标检测和跟踪处理的模式,卫星将拍摄到的图像数据下传至地面数据处理中心,由地面数据处理系统对接收到的遥感图像数据进行目标检测和跟踪。然而,随着遥感图像分辨率的不断提高,需要下传的数据量增大,导致星地数据传输的时间大大增加,最终造成目标检测和跟踪的时效性降低。针对上述问题,提出一种基于多特征量判别的Canny边缘检测和联合概率数据关联的在轨海上多运动舰船目标检测和跟踪方法。将该方法利用中国科学院微小卫星创新研究院的高分微纳卫星实测数据在模拟星载的嵌入式开发平台上进行验证,结果表明该方法能够在轨对海上多运动舰船目标进行快速、准确的检测和跟踪。     

经验模式分解去斑和顶帽变换在舰船检测预处理中的应用

提出了一种基于经验模式分解去斑和顶帽变换背景不均匀的预处理方法. 经验模式分解去斑算法先对图像每一列进行经验模式分解得到IMF函数,然后将原信号与第一、二模态相减得到初步处理图像,再对该图像每一行重复该操作从而得到去斑图像,该算法有效地去除斑点噪声;顶帽变换则有效地补偿了海浪带来的局部不均匀的背景亮度,提高了图像的信杂比,有利于目标的检测. 仿真结果证明了算法的有效性.     

人脸检测技术研究

人脸检测技术已成为图像工程与模式识别领域研究的热点。文章首先简要介绍了人脸模式的特征,并着重分析了几种有代表性的人脸检测方法,然后讨论了国内外的研究概况,最后提出了该领域存在的问题及今后的发展趋势。     

禽流感病毒与人类禽流感

禽流感病毒属甲型流感病毒，主要引起禽类流感。1997年首次证明禽 流感病毒(A/Ho ng Kong/156/97)H5N1亚型可感染人，其后在我国内地、香港及荷兰等地又至少发生了5起禽 流感病毒的人间感染。目前，禽流感病毒正在我国及亚洲部分地区肆虐，已造成很大的经济 损失和社会影响，禽流感已成为严重危害人类健康的新发传染病。本文拟就禽流感病毒的基 因特征、致病性及特异检测等方面的进展做一综述。