智力弱后儿童的体育教学探析

介绍了智力弱后儿童运动和动作学习的普遍特征以及唐氏综合症患者的特殊生理特征.以这些特征为基础,介绍了智力落后儿童体育教学时的班级设置、教学环境和教学器械的选择方法.同时介绍了智力弱后儿童体育课教学内容的设计方法和教学方法的使用,并对体育教师提出了一些注意事项.     

儿童动作发展测试(TGMD-2)信度和效度的研究

以511名3～10岁儿童为测试对象,探讨了大肌肉动作发展测试（TGMD-2）的信度和效度,结果表明测试者信度系数为0.436～0.876;内部一致性信度系数为0.607～0.925;重测信度系数为0.608～0.876;内容效度、结构效度、效标效度也都令人满意。TGMD-2可作为3～10岁儿童大肌肉动作发展状况的测评工具。     

Validity of an Athletic Skills Track among 6- to 12-year-old children

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and validity of an Athletic Skills Track (AST) to assess fundamental movement skills among 6- to 12-year-old children in a physical education setting. Four hundred sixty-three Dutch children (211 girls, 252 boys) completed three tests: the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK) and two Athletic Skills Tracks (AST-1, AST-2). The validity of AST-1 and AST-2 was examined by correlating the time (s) needed to complete the tracks and the KTK Motor Quotient (MQ).

Overall, there was a low correlation between AST-1 and the KTK MQ (r = –0.474 (P < 0.01)) and a moderate correlation between AST-2 and the KTK MQ (r = –0.502 (P < 0.01)). When split up by age group the associations were much higher and ranged between r = –0.469 and r = –0.767), with the exception of the low correlation coefficient of the AST-2 in 7-year-olds. The results indicate that fundamental movement skills of 6- to 12-year-old children can be assessed with a quick, convenient and low-cost motor competence test in a physical education setting, i.e., an Athletic Skills Track. Future studies should further assess the reliability, discriminative ability and validity of age-specific versions of the AST.     

电机学实验教学改进与探索

电机学是电气工程及其自动化专业的重要主干课程之一,实验环节是该课程的重要组成部分,有助于学生更好地领会和掌握电机学理论知识,提高学生的动手能力。文章针对电机教学存在的一些问题,提出一些改进方案。     

无刷直流电机转子状态检测方法与仿真

研究了电机控制的数学模型,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器对电机转子的状态做出了最小方差估计,通过计算机仿真验证了此方法的有效性。     

Relationship between physical activity,physical fitness and multiple metabolic risk in youths from Muzambinho's study

Negative associations between physical activity (PA), physical fitness and multiple metabolic risk factors (MMRF) in youths from populations with low PA are reported. The persistence of this association in moderately-to highly active populations is not, however, well established. The aim of the present study was to investigate this association in a Brazilian city with high frequency of active youths. We assessed 122 subjects (9.9?±?1.3 years) from Muzambinho city. Body mass index, waist circumference, glycaemia, cholesterolaemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. Maximal handgrip strength and one-mile walk/run test were used. Leisure time PA was assessed by interview. Poisson regression was used in the analysis. The model explained 11% of the total variance. Only relative muscular strength and one-mile walk/run were statistically significant (p?相似文献   

Acute effects of exercise and active video games on adults’ reaction time and perceived exertion

The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effects of resting, aerobic exercise practised alone, and aerobic exercise with active video games (AVG), on complex reaction time (CRT) and the post-exercise acute rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in young healthy adults. The experimental group was composed of 92 healthy young adults, 78 males and 13 females (age M?=?21.9?±?2.7 years) who completed two sessions, A and B. In session A, participants rode 30?min on an ergometer, while in session B they exercised for 30?min on an ergometer while playing an AVG on a Wii. The control group was composed of 30 young adults, 26 males and 4 females (age M?=?21.4?±?2.9 years) who rested for 30?min. In each session, a CRT task was performed before and after exercising or resting, and post-exercise global RPE was noted. Repeated measures general linear model (GLM) and Wilcoxon tests were performed. (1) Both aerobic exercise alone and aerobic exercise combined with AVG improved CRT, while resting did not; (2) aerobic exercise combined with AVG did not improve CRT more than aerobic exercise only; and (3) RPE was lower after aerobic exercise combined with AVG compared with aerobic exercise only. In young adults, exercise produces acute benefits on CRT, and practising exercise with AVG helps to decrease RPE.     

Motor imagery and cortico-spinal excitability: A review

Motor imagery (MI) has received a lot of interest during the last decades as its chronic or acute use has demonstrated several effects on improving sport performances or skills. The development of neuroimagery techniques also helped further our understanding of the neural correlates underlying MI. While some authors showed that MI, motor execution and action observation activated similar motor cortical regions, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies brought great insights on the role of the primary motor cortex and on the activation of the cortico-spinal pathway during MI. After defining MI and describing the TMS technique, a short report of MI activities only at cortical level is provided. Then, a main focus on the specificities of cortico-spinal modulations during MI, investigated by TMS, is provided. Finally, a brief overview of sub-cortical mechanisms gives importance to the activation of peripheral neural structures during MI.     

Constraints on dynamic stability during forward,backward and lateral locomotion in skilled football players

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of speed and plane of motion on stability during locomotion in skilled football players. Ten male national-level football players participated in this study to run forward, backward and in lateral directions on a treadmill at 80%, 100% and 120% of their preferred running speeds. The coordinate data of passive reflective markers attached to body segments were recorded using motion capture systems. Time series data obtained from the ankle marker were used for further analyses. The largest finite-time Lyapunov exponent and maximum Floquet multiplier were adopted to quantify local and orbital dynamic stabilities, respectively. Results showed that speed did not significantly change local and orbital dynamic stabilities in any of running patterns. However, both local and orbital dynamic stability were significantly higher in the secondary plane of progression. Data revealed that in running, unlike walking, stability in the direction perpendicular to the direction of running is significantly higher, implying that less active control is required in the secondary plane of progression. The results of this study could be useful in sports training and rehabilitation programmes where development of fundamental exercise programmes that challenge both speed and the ability to maintain stability might produce a tangible enhancement of athletic skill level.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and their toxic potency

Conclusions In spite of very high toxic potency of PAH, in India environmental monitoring and assessment of PAH is rarely done compared to European countries and US. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) had recently initiated regular monitoring of PAHs in ambient air in select cities. According to CPCB, ambient air PAH in Delhi ranged between 9.4–60.9 nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m³) during 1999–2000 with higher values recorded in winter. Other research studies reported about 4.999.56 ng/m³ of benzo[a]pyrene in suspended paniculate matter (SPM) during 1986 in urban Delhi. In Calcutta, sum of 12 PAHs was 22.91 and 190.96 ng/m³ in SPM at Jadavpur and Maulali respectively, in 1994. The average benzo[a]pyrene concentration was 10.4+4.76 ng/m³. These levels are apparently manifold higher than the European standards. Apart from few such studies no detailed studies are available in India. Even in the current standards and specifications for diesel engines there is no emission limit for PAH. Recently it had specified that 10% of PAH by hydrocarbons as limit that should be adopted by 2005. In the current Indian scenario, especially after the economic liberalization in 1991, the motor vehicle population is increasing rapidly, leading to corresponding increase in PAH emissions. The role of PAHs in cardiovascular mortality, cancer cases and several other health abnormalities that are reported nowadays cannot be ignored.