世界健美操锦标赛集体六人操队形运用及变化分析

通过文献资料、录像统计等方法,对近三届(2006、2008、2010年第八、九、十届)世界健美操锦标赛集体六人操前6名参赛队18套动作的队形变化数量、队形变化速度、队形变化类型的运用和变化进行统计分析。结果表明:目前在世界健美操集体项目比赛中队形变化数量远远超过规则规定数量;队形变化速度有逐届加快趋势;队形变化类型主要以规则队形(直线形、斜线形、三角形)为主。     

System approach to games and competitive playing

Abstract

The force enhancement of muscle twitch contraction after a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) has been defined as post-activation potentiation. However, the effects of post-activation potentiation on ballistic movements have not been studied extensively, or the underlying neurophysiologycal mechanism. In the current study, we examined post-activation potentiation and spinal H-reflex excitability in the soleus muscle. Mechanical power during explosive ballistic plantar flexions was measured in 14 males before and after 5 s, 4 min, and 10 min of isometric conditioning (EPF_pre, EPF_5s, EPF_4min, EPF_10min, respectively). Four sessions corresponding to four different protocols of isometric conditioning were conducted. The protocols were different in the intensity (10% vs. 100% of MVC) and duration (7 vs. 10 s) of the isometric conditioning. The results showed a significant enhancement in mechanical power in EPF_4min compared with EPF_pre, only when the isometric conditioning was performed at 100% of MVC for 10 s. No significant changes were observed in the H-related parameters (e.g amplitude, threshold, H/M ratio) after the isometric conditioning. Our results show that to obtain a post-activation potentiation during explosive ballistic movements, the intensity and duration of the isometric conditioning must be controlled. Moreover, the improvement in mechanical power is not related to spinal H-reflex excitability.     

Correlates of physical activity in youth: a review of quantitative systematic reviews

To increase young people's physical activity (PA) levels it is important to understand the correlates of PA in children and adolescents. We sought to identify factors associated with children's and adolescents’ PA by reviewing systematic quantitative reviews of non-intervention research. Systematic reviews examining associations between quantitatively measured variables and PA in young people (< 19 years) from 2000–2010 were identified using electronic and manual searches. Nine systematic reviews were identified. Demographic/biological correlates of PA were age and gender. Psychological correlates of PA were positive motivation, positive body image and the existence of barriers to PA. Behavioural correlates of PA were previous PA, sport participation, smoking, and sedentary behaviour. Social/cultural correlates of PA were parental influence and social support, and environmental correlates of PA were access to facilities, distance from home to school, time spent outside, and local crime. The evidence is suggestive of a number of different types of correlates of PA for children and adolescents. Beyond age and gender, though, most are likely to have only small or small-to-moderate effects in isolation and may work best in interaction with other influences. Psychologists must look to social, organisational and community-level correlates in addition to individual correlates.     

文化多样性、有机增长和就业

文化多样性、转变经济发展方式和解决就业问题是当今三个重大的问题。这三个问题存在着内在一致性,在实现经济发展方式转变即实现经济的＂有机增长＂的前提下,可以较好地解决文化多样性和就业问题。文化的交流能够增加文化的＂社会内的多样性＂,社会内的文化多样性增加了生产方式、生活方式多样性的选择机会,生产方式、生活方式多样化的选择必然要求实现相互依赖的经济的＂有机增长＂,经济＂有机增长＂能够充分运用不同区域的资源禀赋、采用适宜技术,实现最大可能的就业,并促进文化的＂社会间的多样性＂的发展。     

高校培养优秀运动员存在的问题与发展对策研究

采用文献资料、专家访谈、问卷调查、逻辑分析以及数理统计等研究方法,对教育部2012年认定的招收田径、篮球、乒乓球高水平运动员以及运动训练专业运动员的高校现行培养优秀运动员存在问题进行研究,经过与美国大学培养优秀运动员体制进行对比分析,结果表明,现行我国培养优秀运动员的课程培养体制不健全;训练经费不足,来源单一;学训矛盾严重;建议我国高校领导加大重视力度,提高关注度,积极发挥大体协的作用;走高校竞技体育产业化道路;调整竞赛体制,提高竞赛水平,正确处理训练和文化学习的关系等.     

我国竞技体育举国体制与全民体制的思考

我国高水平竞技体育的训练体制是采取举国体制,它在迅速发展我国竞技体育和提高运动成绩方面起到非常重要的作用。但我国已进入社会主义市场经济时期,举国体制显示出许多弊端,因此作者根据国家体育改革的方针,提出逐步向全民体制过渡的建议。     

Role Conflict and the High School Female Athlete

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study was to assess perceived and experienced role conflict of high school female athletes in enacting the roles of female and female athlete. Data were collected on 133 high school varsity athletes by the use of a 33-item questionnaire designed to assess perceived and experienced role conflicts of the subjects, their socioeconomic backgrounds, and specific instances of encouragement or discouragement from significant others experienced during their athletic careers. Thirty-two percent of the subjects responded that they perceived little or no problem with role conflict, and 50% had experienced little or no role conflict. Seventeen percent of the subjects responded that they perceived role conflict to be a great or very great problem with 11% experiencing role conflict to the same degree. A chi square analysis of perceived and experienced role conflict computed for the entire group of subjects indicated that the athletes perceived greater role conflict than they had experienced (p<.01). A one way analysis of variance was performed comparing the means of the athletes in traditionally socially approved sports, those in non-traditionally socially approved sports, and those participating in both categories. Results indicated a tendency for those participating simultaneously in both socially approved and non-socially approved sports to have experienced more role conflict (p≤.07).

A distinction between internal and external role conflict was suggested as a method of understanding the different types of pressures with which the female athlete must deal.     

A Comparison of Video and Text-Based Questionnaire Methods for Testing Older Adults

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to initiate systematic research on dance as a creative and expressive art form. Although the process of expression through movement has concerned dancers and dance teachers for some time, there have been few attempts at a systematic analysis of either the process or the product of dance expression. Dance has generally been considered immeasurable because of its peculiarities as an art form.

While there is little apparent value in quantitative measurement of dance, qualitative measurement appears to have considerable value. It can sharpen the focus on principles of dance composition, contribute toward increased teaching effectiveness, enlarge dance's expressive range, and increase its ability to communicate.

Specifically, this study attempted to determine how effectively modern dance communicates by using a systematic analysis of individual dance compositions. Samples of dance studies with specific intentions were choreographed and filmed. The dances were then viewed and evaluated by a selected and trained jury on (a) their ability to communicate emotional and physical qualities, (b) the type and structure of their composition, and (c) their choreographic and artistic effectiveness.

Results of this study showed that least agreement was reached by the jurors in rating the dances according to structural strength and in identifying their composition type. Realistic vehicles of expression were more easily recognized than were abstract ones. There was substantial agreement on the emotion communicated by each composition. Presence of all the traditional dance elements appears unnecessary for effective communication.     

老年人摔跤险情因素分析及运动干预探究

运用文献资料、逻辑分析、实验法、问卷调查以及数理统计等方法对常州市武进区若干社区老年男性进行实地调研,通过体质指标、环境、心理、疾病等因素进行分析与研究,探究老年人摔跤险情发生的影响因素,并对部分志愿者实施三个月的预防摔跤的运动锻炼措施,观察对老年人步态和体质的变化,目的在于摸索合理的运动锻炼方式对老年人摔跤的预防效能,为减低老年人摔跤的可能性,完善老年人保健措施提供依据,为提高老年人的生命质量提供可靠依据。     

黑人种族运动能力之谜试解

人类大致可分为黄种人、白种人、黑种人三大人种。人类拥有同样的祖先,为什么黑种人却比其他人种有更强的运动能力。本文从人种的生理结构特征以及人类文明对运动能力的影响进行解谜。