索绪尔对任意性论述的缺陷与偶然性

在索绪尔的语言学中,任意性原则占有十分重要的地位。然而,仔细推敲其对任意性的论述过程,不难发现很多缺陷,如能指和所指之间虽然没有内在联系,但不应理解为没有任何联系的任意性;多种语言对同一所指表现出的多样性不是任意性的表现。而偶然性却能够很好地解释这些,是索绪尔的论述应该得出的结论i、而且偶然性与象似性可以兼容,因此,偶然性可以很好地解决任意性与象似性之争。     

论孔子在中国历史文化中儒学"至圣"地位的确定

以中国文化历史发展进程为脉络,辨证地分析历史赋予孔子儒学"至圣"地位形成的偶然性与必然性,从正确认识文化孔子与政治孔子的真正内涵来确立其儒学"至圣"地位。     

谈"灵感"中偶然性和必然性的统一

通过一些现实生活尤其是学创作中的例子，探讨了“灵感”现象，进而论证了“灵感是偶然性和必然性的统一”这一观点。     

高校应急体系建设的若干对策

当前,高校各类突发公共事件时有发生,不仅影响着高校自身的安全稳定,也影响着和谐校园的建设。高校要加强应急体系建设,从应急预警机制、应急组织体制、应急运行机制、应急保障能力等方面科学预防与处置突发公共事件。     

Challenges in evaluating the EU’s lifelong learning policies

Since the early 1990s, lifelong learning has become a major policy concern for the European Union, being seen as a means for enabling individuals to be more competitive in social and economic contexts that are continually changing. After a series of white papers and strategies in the field of lifelong learning, the EU launched the Lifelong Learning Programme in 2007, which dealt with the most pressing issues in the field. In light on the complexity of this programme, we need to ask ourselves if traditional evaluation models and approaches are appropriate for evaluating complex educational policies and programmes in the educational field. Thus, the stake of this article is to explore the challenges which arise when evaluating the EU’s lifelong learning policies and programmes in general, and the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 in particular, as well as to propose several new directions for overcoming these challenges.     

偶然性与罗蒂新实用主义

罗蒂是当代西方新实用主义的代表,其哲学基础就是被绝对化了的“偶然性”概念。它包含了三个方面,即语言的偶然性、自我的偶然性和自由主义社会的偶然性。罗蒂全面地解构了传统的认识论,坚持以我们的信念与愿望作为真理的标准,将人的想象力视为历史发展的真正动力。如果说罗蒂新实用主义之弊在于强化偶然而无视于必然,那么传统的知识论则是强调了必然而或多或少淡化了偶然,因而两者应当是互补的。就此而言,他高扬偶然性。注重实践与未来的理论精神,对于我们的启迪意义远胜于被人们不断重复的“真理”。     

Students' approaches to exploring relationships between categorical variables

In the context of an afterschool program in which students explore relatively large authentic datasets, we investigated how 11- to 14-year old students worked with categorical variables. During the program, students learned to use the Common Online Data Analysis Platform (CODAP), a statistical analysis platform specifically designed for middle and high school students, to create and interpret graphs. Following the program, we conducted individual clinical interviews, during which students used CODAP to answer questions about relationships between variables. Here, we describe how students engaged in exploratory data analysis that involved looking at relationships between two categorical variables. Students worked from data in table form and created “contingency graphs,” a variant of contingency tables, which they used to analyze and draw insights from the data. Our research identified four strategies that students used to examine the data in order to explore patterns, make comparisons, and answer questions with the data.     

基于职业素质要求的航空服务专业学生管理探索

航空服务专业学生未来就业岗位和工作性质要求他们具有较高的职业素养与综合素质。成都航院对航空服务专业学生实施了系统化职业素质培养、综合素质训练，这些培养、训练贯穿整个教学与育人过程中。为此学生的管理工作也应该从各方面加以有效配合。本文结合该专业素质发展要求及学生的基本特点，深入探讨了该专业班主任应如何做好学生管理工作，提出了一些可行的解决措施。     

高校公共突发事件预警机制研究与探讨

大学生其本身的特点以及各方面的诱因极易引发群体突发事件。由于事前预防所付出的成本远远低于突发事件发生后造成的损失,因此各高校要高度重视,积极预防,建立和完善处置突发事件的预警机制,消除大学生群体性突发事件的诱因,减少突发事件所造成的危害和损失。     

Task characteristics of faculty in medical school departments

Perceived characteristics of research, teaching, and patient care tasks of faculty members and administrators in five medical schools were found to differ significantly among departments representing different scientific and medical specialties. These differences correspond to state of development of the field and nature of the work done in the different departments. The basic science departments, which as a group represent a higher state of scientific development than the clinical departments, were more homogeneous in reported task characteristics than were the clinical departments. In light of these differences, it is argued that it is dysfunctional to apply the same set of organizational policies and practices, such as criteria for rewards and promotions, uniformly to all departments.