冤假错案的成因及对策

审视近年来不断披露的冤假错案,不难发现任何一起冤假错案的形成都不是偶然的,而是各种因素合力作用的结果,尤其是应当对冤假错案的发生起着重要防范作用的审判环节,却因未能将程序公正的价值根植于法官内心,导致疑罪从无、非法证据排除、审判依法独立等原则在具体的审判实践中无法实现,是一批冤假错案发生的主要根源。需要坚持疑罪从无、非法证据排除、依法独立行使审判权三大原则,以求将冤假错案的发生率控制在最低的限度内。     

我国非法证据排除规则疑难问题解析

十八大指出全面推进依法治国建设,注重司法人权保障成为刑事诉讼法的重要内容之一,非法证据排除规则正是在这一理念指引下产生,本文针对我国目前非法证据排除规则中的一些疑难问题进行解析,指出我国目前存在的不足之处以及未来完善之构想。     

反恐情报信息决策性证据智能检索机制研究

[研究目的]反恐情报信息决策性证据的获取工作对反恐斗争的成败有着决定性的作用,故在此针对反恐情报信息决策性证据的智能检索机制展开研究。[研究方法]分析反恐情报信息的特征及反恐情报信息决策性证据在反恐决策中的作用,研究当前常用的反恐情报信息决策性证据检索方式与不足,针对已有检索方式的缺陷,为满足智能检索机制所需,提出并构建基于本体的反恐情报信息决策性证据智能检索机制,构建包含本体管理模块、用户问题处理模块、资源管理模块及智能检索主体模块等智能检索机制,并通过构建该智能检索机制实证模型,对该智能检索机制展开实证分析。[研究结论]结果表明,该智能检索机制的可靠性、安全性、可存取性、交互性及隐私性每提高1%,将会对反恐情报信息决策性证据获取成功率提高0.7701%~2.7990%,可为反恐情报信息分析与处理部门获取实时决策性证据奠定基础。     

基于证据推理的大型海事巡逻救助船船型选择

为科学选择大型海事巡逻救助船船型,从成本、技术、能耗、外观等4个方面构建船型选择评价指标体系,运用层次分析法(Analytical Hierarchy Process,AHP)确定各指标权重,并采用证据推理法,借助IDS软件,对各船型进行综合评价.以3 000吨级海事巡逻救助船船型选择为例,通过评价圆舭船型、穿浪双体船型和三体船型,验证该方法在大型海事巡逻救助船船型选择上的可行性.     

A framework for scaffolding students' assessment of the credibility of evidence

Assessing the credibility of evidence in complex, socio‐scientific problems is of paramount importance. However, there is little discussion in the science education literature on this topic and on how students can be supported in developing such skills. In this article, we describe an instructional design framework, which we call the Credibility Assessment Framework, to scaffold high school students' collaborative construction of evidence‐based decisions and their assessment of the credibility of evidence. The framework was employed for the design of a web‐based reflective inquiry environment on a socio‐scientific issue, and was enacted with 11th grade students. The article describes the components of the Credibility Assessment Framework and provides the details and results of an empirical study illustrating this framework in practice. The results are presented in the form of a case study of how 11th grade students investigated and evaluated scientific data relating to the cultivation of genetically modified plants. Multiple kinds of data were collected, including pre‐ and post‐tests of students' conceptual understanding and their skills in assessing the credibility of evidence, and videotapes of students' collaborative inquiry sessions. The analysis of the pre‐ and post‐tests on students' conceptual understanding of Biotechnology and their skills in assessing the credibility of evidence revealed statistically significant learning gains. Students' work in task‐related artifacts and the analysis of two groups' videotaped discussions showed that students became sensitive to credibility criteria, questioned the sources of data and correctly identified sources of low, moderate, and high credibility. Implications for designers and educators regarding the application of this framework are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 711–744, 2011     

Research engagement and educational decentralisation: problematising primary school English teachers’ research experiences in China

Teachers are encouraged to enhance professional competence through reflective practice and they are also asked to undertake research to generate evidence for their professional practices. This paper reports on an inquiry into a group of primary school English language teachers’ research engagement in the province of Guangdong on the Chinese mainland. The inquiry explored the effect of educational reforms on the participants’ research engagement through the use of an open‐ended questionnaire and group interviews. The inquiry revealed that research engagement had become an important part of the teachers’ professional lives. Emerging findings from the inquiry also problematised their research engagement as it was found to have been undermined by a competitive promotion mechanism, the teachers’ conceptualisations of research and challenges in the knowledge dissemination process. The paper ends with reflections on how to make teacher research “educational” for teachers and serve as an effective way for professional development.     

四个范式:欧洲档案学的观念和战略的变化——1840年以来西方档案观念与战略的变化

本报告首先梳理了西方档案理论与档案史,探讨了那些激发档案专业思想、战略及方法的概念,其次又着重阐述了档案鉴定这个由档案工作者从人类文献记录中挑选出很小比例作为档案长久保存的过程。19世纪至今的档案工作者对其工作、职能、活动及社会作用的认识经历了(或者说显示了)四个大的思想框架(或范式),探讨和了解这个背景可以让我们更好地认识和应对我们现在所处的这个数字时代的挑战。     

EditorialEvidence based library and information practice

Whilst many of us engage in supporting clinicians in identifying, appraising and using evidence, how many of us adopt the same approach to our own work? A recent survey by the UK LIS Research Coalition indicated that 60% of respondents use research reports as a source of information whilst a similar proportion of health library respondents use professional events such as conferences as a source of information. This summer sees the 6^th International Evidence Based Library and Information Practice (EBLIP6) being held at the University of Salford, UK between 27^th‐30^th June which will go some way to satisfying this latter information need whilst the Health Information and Libraries Journal can help satisfy the need for research reports. Whatever you’re doing this summer, let’s make it evidence based.