竞争情报四分卫法实施及案例分析

作为竞争情报搜集的有效方法之一,四分卫法为我们提供了全新的视角,并经过不断的实践积累逐渐走向成熟。为更好的诠释这种高效的竞争情报搜集方法,本文讨论了竞争情报四分卫法实施及案例分析,阐述了四分卫法的诸多特点以及改进措施,希望能够为四分卫法的进一步发展有所帮助。     

Gender and age inequalities in regular sports participation: A cross-national study of 25 European countries

Abstract

This article provides a unique opportunity to compare gender inequalities in sports participation across Europe, and the extent to which this varies by age using large, cross-sections of the population. The Eurobarometer Survey 62.0 (carried out in 2004 at the request of the European Commission and covering the adult population of 25 European member states, N = 23,909) was used to analyse differences in regular sports participation by gender and by age in the different countries. For the majority of countries, the occurrence of regular sporting activity was less than 40%. Additionally, binary logistic regression analyses identified significant gender differences in sports participation in 12 countries. In Belgium, France, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Spain, and the UK, men were more likely to report being regularly active in sports than women, whereas in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and the Netherlands the opposite was true. Moreover, the extent to which these gender inequalities differ by age varies considerably across countries. The results imply that: (i) in some European countries more efforts must be undertaken to promote the original goals of the Sport for All Charter, and (ii) to achieve more female participation in sports will require different policy responses in the diverse European member states.     

Skiing accidents in the past 15 years

For the last 15 years a statistical analysis of distances skied and of alpine skiing accidents has been performed in the Davos‐Klosters skiing area, a ‘closed’ skiing area, where every skier has to return from the top to the bottom station. Distance skied is measured by vertical drop in 10⁶ km determined by calculations from frequency surveys by lift‐operators. About 2.5 million km per season have been skied during the past years, a number remaining constant for the last 15 years. In the same time the requirement for rescue‐transports in this area has shown a decline of 46% to 288 transports per season due to a decrease of the number of injuries with initial immobilization. Therefore the so‐called transport‐quotient (one rescue‐transport per 10⁴ km of vertical drop skied) has decreased from its initial value of 4 to 1 per 10⁴ km. During the same time all winter sport injuries were analysed at the hospital of Davos. About 90% are injuries caused by alpine skiing resulting in a total of 17 246 alpine skiing injuries for the last 15 years. There is a great decline in the incidence of lower leg fractures with a contrary development of knee injuries. Today half of the lower leg injuries are knee injuries (280 knee injuries out of a total of 1250 alpine skiing accidents per season). There is a gradual increase of upper extremity injuries from 17% of all skiing injuries in 1972 to 35% in 1976. A Swiss multicentre study on skiing safety shows comparable injury patterns in other skiing areas. The average injury‐severity measured by several parameters is declining.

In a technical investigation of skiing equipment of 1072 persons who sustained an accident, only 32% had ski bindings with tolerable frontal release and 17% with tolerable torsional release. Parallel measurements of bindings of 600 non‐injured skiers gave the same alarming results. More research on the correlation between binding adjustment and knee injuries is needed.     

Physiological variables and performance markers of serving soldiers from two “elite” units of the British Army

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare selected physiological variables and performance markers of soldiers from two “elite” units of the British Army. Ten soldiers from each of the two units were recruited for this study (n = 20). All participants completed three tests while carrying a 20 kg backpack load: (1) a maximal treadmill test using the Bruce protocol; (2) a 2 mile backpack run test specific to Unit A on a consistently flat tarmac road; and (3) a 29 km time-trial over hilly terrain typical of a mountainous area used by Unit B for performance assessment. Heart rate, maximal blood lactate concentration and performance (run time) were assessed during all three tests, with peak oxygen uptake also being measured during the maximal treadmill test. Measurements of anthropometry, isokinetic strength and mental toughness (MT48) were also recorded. There were no significant differences in terms of performance markers between the units (P > 0.05). Performance on the maximal treadmill test correlated with performance on the 2 mile backpack run test (r = ?0.57) and 29 km time-trial (r = ?0.66). Performance on the 2 mile backpack run test in turn correlated with 29 km time-trial performance (r = ?0.77), accounting for 59% of the variance. In conclusion, the maximal treadmill test and the 2 mile backpack run test are useful indicators of performance on the arduous hill march and could be employed in the screening and selection of potential recruits.     

Endurance athletes' coping function use during competitive suffering episodes

Abstract

Endurance athletes who realise that they are falling short of important personal goals during competition are expected to experience competitive suffering. As a negative affective state with implications for performance and personal experiences, it is important to understand how endurance athletes cope with competitive suffering. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate differences in athletes' momentary coping function use over time during a competitive suffering episode. Twenty-six runners (mean age: 35.8 years) completed a 5-km running time trial that evoked an experience of competitive suffering using false failure-oriented feedback. Momentary assessments of goal attainment feelings and coping function use were completed immediately following the running time trial using video-mediated recall. Pooled time series analysis was used to predict coping function use across several points in time (i.e. earlier and later stages of a competitive suffering episode) and at different ratings of goal attainment feelings. Analyses revealed that negative feelings about goal attainment moderately predicted problem-focused coping use, and strongly predicted emotion-focused coping use. Although it was not predicted by goal attainment feelings, avoidance coping use was decreased over time throughout suffering episodes. Overall, this study supports propositions that the coping process is continually adapted to competitive demands and identifies the roles of distinct coping functions within the total coping effort.     

新农村聚落建筑材质设计的案例研究

在当今经济快速发展、环境危机突出、传统文化流失的大背景下,本文提出了当下新农村聚落建筑设计中材质的运用问题,通过深入的分析研究得出,新农村聚落建筑材质的运用应遵循“就地取材”、“因地制宜”的原则,并在此基础上打造本土氛围,保留和传承其乡土文化。通过一段时间的走访调研和阅读大量文献资料,发现其研究交集上的理论空白和研究价值。本文对新农村聚落建筑设计中材质的运用进行了分析研究,结合农村聚落建筑景观建设的典型案例,归纳总结出聚落建筑材质的类型以及农村聚落建筑材质运用的方法、手段;总结国外新农村聚落建筑材质的运用对我国新农村聚落建筑景观建设的借鉴意义,为我国新农村聚落建筑景观建设指引方向,提供参考。     

第29届、30届奥运会中国男篮攻防能力比较研究

运用数理统计等方法,对北京奥运会和伦敦奥运会中国男篮的比赛进行分析,结果表明：中国男篮无论是在进攻还是防守上都呈下降趋势,难以对对手形成有效的威胁;其中三分投篮数、罚球命中率和前场篮板下降最为明显。建议中国男篮在今后要提高身体对抗能力、在防守和进攻端的侵略性,注重核心队员的培养。     

中日柔道运动人才培养的比较研究

由于政治体制、经济状况、文化观念等的差异与联系,中日柔道运动在人才培养的培养理念、培养模式与体制、培养机制、培养目标等方面既有共识,也有差异。通过对中日柔道人才培养的比较研究,挖掘各自在人才培养上的优劣势,从而为我国的柔道人才培养提供指导与借鉴。     

运动性肥大心脏心肌超微结构改变的实验研究

通`过大鼠8周递增负荷游泳训练模型的建立,研究运动性心脏肥大大鼠心肌超微结构的变化规律及运动对心肌细胞的影响,为运动性心脏猝死提供科学依据。结果表明:有氧训练组大鼠线粒体数量明显增多,体积增大,有轻度肿胀,基质尚均匀,嵴排列规则密集,结构清晰完整,线粒体膜完整。细胞核增大,核周间隙略增宽,核质均匀,核膜完整清晰,染色质均匀。肌丝排列整齐,数量增加,肌小节明暗带相间,结构清晰,肌膜完整,闰盘整齐,呈台阶状;而过度训练组大鼠线粒体明显肿胀,基质溶解呈现空泡变形,嵴排列紊乱,融合甚至消失,线粒体膜被损。细胞核不规则,核膜明显内陷或皱缩,核质不均匀,染色质凝聚,异染色质在核边缘聚集。肌丝粗细不均,部分肌丝呈节段性变形,闰盘出现明显扩张,部分闰盘不成形。结果提示:适宜的运动负荷使心脏发生适应性改变,心肌发生生理性肥大,而长期的过度负荷会导致心肌细胞发生与衰老相似的病理性改变,甚至导致心肌细胞死亡,引起运动性心脏猝死。     

“双园融合”特色办学模式探索与实践

双园融合办学模式是在建立校企合作委员会,搭建校企合作平台的基础上,筑巢引凤,校企一体共建生产性实训基地。它以专业建设为前提,不断深化校企合作,使校企互惠互利资源共享,深度合作,共同发展。近年来,学院的双园融合办学模式在探索与实践中已取得了一些成效:政、校、行、企形成了和谐互动的局面,办学模式基本形成,学院内涵发展取得长足发展。但由于学院双园融合校企合作办学模式仍处于探索实践阶段,在今后建设中仍需进一步完善体制机制建设,营造宽松的实施环境,拓展校企合作空间与范围,推进双园融合办学模式的不断优化和完善。