Statistics,truth, and error reduction in sport and exercise sciences

Abstract

Academics have a responsibility to ensure that their research findings are as truthful as possible. InIn every issue of a scientific journal, a large number of significance tests are reported (usually using P <0.05). Of course, most of these results will be true/correct. Unfortunately, due to the nature of sampling, researchers will occasionally make errors, often referred to as type I (probability = α) and type II (probability = β) errors. The power of a test (1-β) is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis – that is, correctly detecting a real or true effect. Factors that are known to influence power include: (1) the level of significance (α), (2) the size of the difference or relationship in the population (the effect), (3) the sample size, and (4) unexplained error variance. As researchers, we have little control over most of these factors. The one factor that we have some influence over, however, is the ability to reduce the unexplained error variance. In the present article, we describe a range of methods that will increase the probability that a researcher has correctly identified a real effect by increasing the power of their statistical tests. Such methods will include ways of designing experiments to reduce error and uncertainty. The use of blocking and randomized block designs will reduce unexplained error, such as adopting matched or repeated-measures designs rather than using independent observations. The other method of reducing unexplained errors is to adopt more appropriate (e.g. biologically correct) models and checking the distribution assumptions associated with such models. In conclusion, researchers are responsible for maximizing the likelihood that their results are as accurate and truthful as possible. By carefully planning their experiments and adopting appropriate models, researchers are more likely to publish their findings with a greater degree of confidence, but not certainty.     

网球正手击球术训练及常见错误的纠正

正手击球是网球技术中最基本的击球方法,是初学者最先学习的技术。为了便于教学和训练,文章对网球初学者易犯错误动作进行分析,认为在正手击球训练中,只有抓住技术关键,有针对性地训练,不断地发现错误并及时纠正,才能达到最佳的学习效果,取得优异成绩。     

两类错误与单边检验关系

在单边假设检验的原假设与备择假设选择问题上,不同的选择方式将导致不同的检验结果,文章基于第一类错误与第二类错误的度量给出了正态总体单边假设检验问题原假设与备择假设选择的一般准则,该方法同样适用于其它不同的单边假设检验问题。     

留学生的语音偏误研究

近些年,对外汉语语音教学的成效不是很大,留学生的语音偏误很严重,究其原因,并找出行之有效的措施。     

高职高专学生英语写作中的语际错误分析

文章以部分高职高专英语专业学生的英语作文为语料,通过采用错误分析的研究方法,在词汇、句法和语篇三个层面上对作文中出现的各种语际错误进行分类和统计,并探讨语际错误产生的主要原因及对策。     

批评教育的价值及其实现

批评是教育中常用的一种重要方法,也是一种不可缺少的方法。提高对批评教育价值和功能的认识,探讨批评教育成功的条件,以及科学实施批评教育,能提高教育效果,促进学生的健康发展。     

期望改正敌视--西方传教士对太平天国态度的演变轨迹

1853年3月太平天国定都南京之前,西方传教士怀着极高的宗教热情,期望太平天国领导人允许其传播圣教和宣传福音;定都南京后,西方传教士通过对拜上帝教的感性认识与理性思考,认为拜上帝教是有缺点的基督教,必须改正其"错误";1862年1月,以罗孝全悄悄离开南京为标志,西方传教士对以洪秀全为首的农民领袖们的劝化开导的图谋宣告失败,转而公开敌视太平天国.西方传教士充当了各资本主义国家探听太平天国情况,镇压太平军的急先锋;此外,传教士纷纷赶赴和悄悄离开南京这一现象,反映了拜上帝教与基督教的普同性与特异性.     

炼就火眼金睛,扫除妖魔鬼怪——浅谈短文该错的解题技巧

本文阐述了短文改错的题型特点,答题要求,设错方式以及解题技巧     

Learning programming from erroneous worked-examples. Which type of error is beneficial for learning?

Learning from erroneous worked examples could enhance learning in contrast to problem-solving tasks. The type of error was hypothesized to be a moderator and accuracy of error detection and correction a mediator of this effect. This study examines the influence of simple syntactic (the structure of the code) and complex semantic (the logic or content of the code) errors in a programming scenario. Overall, 128 students were assigned to a two (syntactic errors: yes vs. no) × two (semantic errors: yes vs. no) factorial between-subjects design. Students’ accuracy in error detection and correction, learning performance, mental load, and mental effort were measured. Results showed that learners receiving syntactic errors detected and corrected errors with higher accuracy which leads to higher learning performance. Semantic errors did not influence learning-related variables since semantic errors were too difficult for novice learners to detect and fix. The postulated moderation and mediation could be supported.     

引导大学生正确利用互联网的思考

随着信息化时代的到来,互联网已经成为大学生的学习和生活不可或缺的部分。大学生作为具有较高文化层次的特殊群体,无疑是受网络影响最深最广的一族。网络对他们的思想观念、价值取向、思维方式、行为模式、个性心理都产生着广泛而深刻的影响。本文在深入分析互联网对大学生的影响的基础上,提出了引导大学生正确利用互联网的建议,意在对网络时代我国的大学生教育管理起到一定的促进作用。