短跑训练对跟腱横截面积和弹性模量的影响

通过对短跑运动员和非运动员跟腱横截面积和弹性模量的研究后发现,短跑运动员和非运动员相比,跟腱的横截面积无显著性变化,弹性模量则明显增加,其差异有显著性,表明短跑训练后肌腱能够承受更大的应力可能是通过内部结构的改变而不是通过增粗、肥大来实现的.     

工作支持量表在高校教师中的试用研究

采用工作支持问卷对河北省288名高校教师进行问卷调查。工作支持量表从内容上看比较适合高校教师的测量。该量表内部一致性较好,量表分半信度系数及各维度信度系数均符合测量学要求;探索性因素分析表明,各因子的项目分布与原量表项目分布比较接近。结论：工作支持量表在测量高校教师工作支持程度上是比较满意或至少是可用的工具;高校教师工作支持总体水平较好,在性别与所属学科上存在显著差异。     

The relationship between muscle cross-sectional area and strength in various isokinetic movements among soccer players

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscular strength in terms of knee extension and flexion, hip extension and flexion, and hip abduction and adduction among well-trained soccer players. Fourteen university soccer players participated in the study, who had previously been divided into two groups based on ability (Group A: above-average ability; Group B: average ability). Maximal isokinetic and concentric muscular strength was measured in knee extension/flexion, hip extension/flexion and hip abduction/adduction using an isokinetic dynamometer at 1.57 and 4.19 rad·s^?1 (3.14 rad·s^?1) in both the dominant and non-dominant leg. The CSAs of the thigh, gluteus muscles and iliopsoas muscles were calculated based on magnetic resonance imaging. There was no significant difference between the two groups in muscle CSA and isokinetic strength. Although there were some statistically significant differences between the dominant and non-dominant leg in terms of CSA and strength (P<0.05–0.01), these were small and negligible. Apart from a non-significant relationship between the CSAs of the adductor muscles and hip adductor strength (r<0.26, n.s.), the CSA of the other muscle groups correlated with maximal isokinetic strength (r=0.38–0.64, P<0.05). These results suggest that no difference in muscle characteristics (in terms of muscle CSA and strength) was apparent among well-trained soccer players, even between the dominant and non-dominant leg. There is also a case that the anatomical function of a single (or group of) muscle(s) may not be reflected by the strength—CSA relationship depending on the movements (such as hip adduction-adductor muscle CSA). Thus, further studies are required to develop methods to assess neuromuscular function in relation to muscle morphology among soccer players.     

Determinants and patterns of physical activity practice among Spanish university students

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the socio-demographic and lifestyle determinants of physical activity practice, as well as the motivations for being or not being physically active in Spanish university students. A representative sample of students from a Spanish university (n = 2,051; 42.1% males; mean age 21.9, s = 4.8 years) participated in the present cross-sectional study. A questionnaire including questions regarding lifestyle, dietary habits, parents' characteristics, and physical activity habits was administered to the students. The socio-demographic and lifestyle determinants of physical activity practice were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. 68.4% of men and 48.4% of women reported to practise physical activity in the present sample. Those who practised physical activity consumed more fruits and were less likely to be smokers compared to non-physically active students. Also, physically inactive men spent more time in front of the computer and physically inactive women spent more time in front of the TV and were more likely to be frequent alcohol consumers. Maternal educational level and maternal physical activity habits were also important determinants of physical activity practice among men and women respectively. In conclusion, physically active students tended to engage in other healthy habits in the present population, suggesting the clustering of healthy or unhealthy lifestyle factors among specific subgroups.     

How Risky Are One-Shot Cross-Sectional Assessments of Undergraduate Students?

The purpose of this study was to explore the extent of possible input bias associated with the rapidly growing use by colleges and universities of one-time cross-sectional assessments of students. The results presented in this study demonstrate that cross-sectional assessments of enrolled college students are very difficult to interpret because they inevitably reflect characteristics of the same students when they first entered college. For those forms of engagement that have to do with how students allocate their time, it appears that the majority of variation among institutions is attributable to entering freshman characteristics rather than to institutional policies or practices. Thus, rather than relying solely on student outcome data, institutions should ideally also collect pretest or input information from the same students when they first matriculate.     

Students’ Needs,Teachers’ Support,and Motivation for Doing Homework: A Cross-Sectional Study

Self-determination theory provided the theoretical framework for a cross-sectional investigation of elementary and junior high school students’ autonomous motivation for homework. More specifically, the study focused on the role of teachers’ support of students’ psychological needs in students’ motivation for homework in the two school systems. The study also investigated the contribution of a match between teachers’ support and students’ expressed level of psychological needs to autonomous motivation for homework. The findings indicated that teacher support partially mediated the difference in autonomous motivation for homework between students in the two school systems. In addition, the findings suggested that whereas students’ with different level of expressed needs may perceive different levels of teachers’ support, and that teachers’ support might be more important for students who express higher level of needs, perceived teachers’ support of psychological needs was important for students’ adaptive motivation for homework, irrespective of their expressed level of needs.     

汉、羌、彝族中学生自我概念比较

目的探讨汉、羌、彝族中学生自我概念的特点.方法采用自我概念量表测量汉、羌、彝族900名中学生自我概念的状况,并进行不同层面的分析.结果民族和学习成绩对中学生自我概念的自我总分和生理自我、道德自我、心理自我、自我满意和自我行动五个维度得分有交互作用.除自我批评维度外,汉族中学生自我概念及其余各维度得分显著高于羌族中学生（P〈0.05）,其道德自我、社会自我、自我认同、自我满意和自我批评五个维度上得分也显著高于彝族中学生（P〈0.05）;彝族中学生的自我概念总分及其生理自我、心理自我、家庭自我和自我行动四个维度得分明显高于羌族中学生（P〈0.05）,而自我批评得分又低于羌族中学生（P〈0.05）.女生的自我概念总分及道德自我、家庭自我、社会自我、自我认同和自我行动五个维度得分显著高于男生.学习成绩优、良中学生的自我概念总分及其余各维度（除自我批评外）得分均显著高于学习成绩中、差中学生（P〈0.05）.结论中学生自我概念存在民族差异、性别和学习成绩差异.     

Women in engineering in Turkey – a large scale quantitative and qualitative examination

The underrepresentation of women in engineering is well known and unresolved. However, Turkey has witnessed a shift in trend from virtually no female participation in engineering to across-the-board proportions that dominate other industrialised countries within the 76 years of the founding of the Turkish Republic. This paper describes the largest known direct cross-sectional study of women in engineering in Turkey with over 800 participants. The methods include survey and facilitated focus groups. The study shows that women in Turkey choose engineering mainly because they enjoy the underlying mathematics and science. There is no gender bias on the part of teachers or fellow students; however, women students believe that they have fewer opportunities than male peers and acutely feel the lack of role models. Working professionals in industry or government perceive that women assume a more indirect, supporting role; however, women overall strongly affirm their selection of engineering despite some negative factors.     

基于英语专业大学生学习观念的调研研究

本文以英语专业大一和大四学生为研究对象,运用问卷调查的方式对其学习观念进行了横向研究。结果发现,大一和大四学生在自我管理观念、动机观念、母语依赖观念、语言学能观念和语言性质观念方面存在统计学意义上的显著性差异,说明在大学学习过程中学习观念中的这5方面发生了明显的改变。     

不同运动项目运动员髋关节屈伸肌群横断面积与力矩特征的相关研究

通过对足球、速度滑冰运动员髋关节屈伸肌群横断面积及力学相关指标的测定,探讨不同运动项目的运动员髋关节屈伸肌群形态特征与肌肉收缩效应的特点以及两者间的内在规律,为运动员训练水平的评估及科学选材等提供理论指导。肌肉横断面积采用螺旋CT进行断层扫描,影像分析采用MoticImagesAdvanced3 0测试系统软件,力量测试采用美国Cybex Norm等速测力系统,数据处理采用SPSS 8 0软件。结果表明:足球运动员大腿肌肉横断面积大于速滑运动员,差异主要表现在股四头肌和股后肌群。在相同测试速度下,足球与速度运动员髋关节屈伸时,左右两腿肌肉收缩力量无明显差异。但不同项目间,同一肌群在不同关节运动,不同速度下,则表现出肌肉力量的明显不同。髋关节屈伸运动时,股四头肌与股后肌群横断面积与力矩的相关程度,足球以屈为明显,速滑以右伸为明显。