Language factors associated with achievement grouping in math classrooms: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study

The study examines the effects of classroom achievement grouping (AG) practices on the early mathematics performance of language-minority students and compares their mathematics achievement to that of English-speaking majority students. Using a nationally representative database of the USA, both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were done. In the cross-sectional analyses we explored the direct effect of grouping practice on students performance, while in the longitudinal analysis we looked at the growth trajectory in mathematics learning. The results of cross-sectional analyses indicated that the effect of AG was negative on the math achievement in 1st and 5th graders. The longitudinal analysis showed a significant negative effect of AG for English Language Learners (ELL). The paper provides the basis for practical guidelines for the grouping practices in mathematics.     

贫困生主观幸福感及影响因素分析

目的:探讨贫困生主观幸福感的基本状况及影响主观幸福感的因素。方法:运用《国际大学调查》(ICS)问卷,对广西某高师院校417名贫困生和323名非贫困生进行测查。结果:(1)贫困生的主观幸福感(5.17±0.89/5.30±0.91,t=-2.071,P<0.05)、生活满意度(3.68±1.37/4.14±1.40,t=-4.486,P<0.001)显著低于非贫困生;(2)贫困生对谦卑(6.24±1.82/5.87±2.18,t=2.535,P<0.05)、生活的意义(7.51±1.71/7.17±2.19,t=2.420,P<0.01)、健康(7.87±1.66/7.46±2.27,t=2.871,P<0.01)、义务(7.71±1.66/7.26±2.13,t=3.244,P<0.01)、信仰(6.30±2.21/5.58±2.49,t=4.206,P<0.001)的重视程度显著高于非贫困生;(3)价值取向、生活满意度判断标准影响贫困生的情感体验;(4)社会心理取向影响个体的情感体验和总体主观幸福感;(5)外向性对贫困生情感体验的影响具有双重性。结论:贫困生主观幸福显著低于非贫困生,社会心理取向、生活满意度判断标准、外向性、价值取向影响主观幸福感。     

腰椎稳定性对NLBP躯干肌群形态机能特性的影响

摘要：目的：探索非特异性腰痛（NLBP）患者中腰椎稳定性与躯干肌群形态、张力及力量等各方面特性的关系以及相关因素对这种关系的影响。方法：招募青年男性参与者,包括不同腰椎稳定性NLBP亚组（LSI组10人,Non-LSI组9人）以及正常对照组（10人）。测试采集脊柱肌群CSA、张力等数据以及最大等长屈伸力量。通过多元方差分析（MANOVA）比较各指标在参与者组别以及各种因素间的差异。结果：1)参与者组别因素与测试部位、发力位置等因素均无交互作用。2)腰多裂肌的大小和物理特性在各组别间均不具有显著性差异。3)脊柱肌群最大屈伸力矩表现出2个NLBP亚组比对照组屈肌力量更大,伸肌力量更小的趋势,LSI组更甚（P> 0.05）;LSI组屈伸力矩比值大于对照组（P< 0.05）。结论：腰痛以及腰椎稳定性因素与躯干肌群的形态和物理学特性并无直接关联;力量这一机能特性中F/E比值是反映不同腰椎稳定性LBP患者与正常人机能差异的敏感指标。NLBP不是一个同质性群体,采用腰椎稳定性进行亚组划分具有一定可行性。     

关于6～17岁学生的身高生长的纵向追踪研究

身高是代表人体长度的一项指标,是反映人体纵向发育水平的重要标志。身高测量的数据,不仅是评价生长发育水平的重要依据,而且对于计算体力和身体指数,评价体格的优劣及一般能力,都有较大的应用价值和实际意义。在研究生长发育方面,有横剖面调查和纵向追踪调查两种方法。为了研究横剖面调查的身高结果与纵向追踪调查的结果之间有多大的差异;纵向追踪调查取得的身高数据可以揭示学生的哪些生长规律这个目的,对北京市海淀区有居民户口的在校学生,从６岁开始每年９月测试一次,一直测试到１７岁,男生１８８人,女生２４２人。结果表明：１）身高的纵向追踪调查和横剖面调查在大样本条件下,两者平均数之间没有显著性差异;２）婴幼儿时的身高增长幅度的大小决定了青少年时期的增长幅度的大小。即６岁时是高的,１７岁时也高,６岁时是矮的Ｉ７岁时也矮;３）学生１７岁时身高的高矮与发育类型无关。     

建筑行业人群心理健康现状调查

了解建筑行业人群的心理健康状况,采用症状自评量表为研究工具对952名建筑进行问卷调查.结果表明:(1)不同地域建筑工作人群心理状况总体上无显著差异;(2)18岁以下的群体4个因子得分显著高于其他年龄段人员;(3)初中及以下学历群体2个因子显著高于其他群体.建筑行业工作人群的心理健康状况较好,不同群体间的心理健康状况存在一定的差异.     

大学生上网时间与其心理健康的关系

采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对455名大学生进行调查,了解大学生心理健康与其上网时间的关系。研究发现心理障碍者出现于各个上网时间,大学生每天上网时间与其心理健康得分之间有统计学意义的正相关(r=0.116,P=0.014)。上网时间越长,心理健康水平越低,2.5小时是每天健康上网时间和不健康上网时间的分界点。因此,上网时间对大学生心理健康有显著影响。     

Effects of sport club activities on adolescent development in Germany

In promotional campaigns, German sport clubs promise to protect adolescents against drugs and addiction, to strengthen social networks, to increase self-confidence, and to reduce violence and hostility. Such rhetoric is partially supported by conclusions from cross-sectional studies, where correlation findings have occasionally been misinterpreted as cause-and-effect relationships. To empirically examine a possible causal relationship between adolescent activity in sport clubs and improvements in motor ability and psychosocial health, we conducted a longitudinal study with 500 adolescents (ages 12 to 18) in three cohorts. Study methods included validated survey instruments, motor tests, and focused interviews, applied over the course of three school years. Results do not show a systematic and universal effect of club membership on adolescent development. Even though adolescents in clubs attain higher beginning performances in speed, strength, endurance and coordination abilities and show more positive results in their self-concept and psycho-social health when compared to their non-member peers and with exceptions succeed in maintaining these performance advantages, our data indicate a self-selection rather than a sport club effect. It is possible that results of greater differentiation and deeper insights could be attained, if future research were to investigate the impact of sports by disciplines, design studies of longer duration, and utilise more elaborate statistical procedures.     

Strengths and Weaknesses of Non-enhanced and Contrast-enhanced Cadaver Computed Tomography Scans in the Teaching of Gross Anatomy in an Integrated Curriculum

Cadaver-specific postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) has become an integral part in anatomy teaching at several universities. Recently, the feasibility of contrast-enhanced (CE)-PMCT has been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to identify particular strengths and weaknesses of both non-enhanced and contrast-enhanced PMCT compared to conventional cadaver dissection. First, the students’ perception of the learning effectiveness of the three different modalities have been assessed using a 34-item survey (five-point Likert scale) covering all anatomy course modules. Results were compared using the nonparametric Friedman Test. Second, the most frequent artifacts in cadaver CT scans, were systematically analyzed in 122 PMCT and 31 CE-PMCT data sets to quantify method-related limitations and characteristics. Perfusion quality was assessed in 57 vascular segments (38 arterial and 19 venous). The survey was answered by n = 257/320 (80.3%) students. Increased learning benefits of PMCT/ CE-PMCT compared to cadaver dissection were found in osteology (2/3 categories, P < 0.001), head and neck (2/5 categories, P < 0.01), and brain anatomy (3/3 categories, P < 0.01). Contrast-enhanced-PMCT was perceived particularly useful in learning vascular anatomy (10/10 categories, P < 0.01). Cadaver dissection received significantly higher scores compared to PMCT and CE-PMCT in all categories of the abdomen and thorax (7/7 categories, P < 0.001), as well as the majority of muscular anatomy (5/6 categories, P < 0.001). Frequent postmortem artifacts (total n = 28, native-phase n = 21, contrast injection-related n = 7) were identified and assessed. The results of this work contribute to the understanding of the value of integrating cadaver-specific PMCT in anatomy teaching.