第19届世界杯足球赛失球数与时段的分析研究

运用文献资料法、录像观察法、数理统计法、逻辑分析法,对第19届世界杯决赛阶段32支球队的失球数与时段失球规律和攻防技战术进行分析与研究,以求更好地把握世界足球运动的发展趋势,为今后我国球队的科学训练、足球理论教学和实践的发展提供参考。     

体育院校创新创业教育的现状与思考

采用逻辑分析法,阐释创新创业教育对体育院校人才培养的意义,并对我国体育院校创新创业教育的现状和存在问题进行综述和梳理,进而为我国体育院校创新创业型人才培养体系的构建和完善提供参考。     

粤西沿海地区农村学校体育现状与发展对策

采用问卷调查法等对粤西沿海地区224所农村学校的体育现状进行了调查.结果表明:学校体育管理体制基本健全;体育教师数量基本达到规定要求,但专职教师存在缺口;教师性别、年龄结构较合理,学历、职称层次偏低;教学工作量大、科研能力差、工资收入低;体育教学质量不高,课余体育活动开展有待加强;体育经费、场地、器材严重不足.针对存在的问题,提出了相应的对策.     

以资中古城文化为底蕴构建有地方特色的盘破门武术文化

省级历史文化名城资中,自汉武年间建县,迄今已两千年,在这座古老的城市,拥有丰富的人文景观和深厚的文化内涵,孕育了二千多年却历久常新的文化。四川省级非物质遗产盘破门武术就是扎根在这块土地上的＂土著＂门派,三百年来盘破门各代第子在自身的丰富发展盘破门武术过程中,海纳百川,博采众家之长,已形成现在的独特的盘破门武术和盘破门武术文化。     

INTRODUCTION

This article contains a brief set of reflections on the history and development of the International Association for the Philosophy of Sport and of sport philosophy in general over the past four decades.     

鄂西地区户外运动产业开发的研究

采用文献资料法、访谈法和实地调查法,分析鄂西地区开发户外运动产业的比较优势,提出政府要将户外运动产业作为鄂西地区的优势产业来扶持,重视区域内户外产业的整体规划,重视挖掘大众户外运动市场的需求,重视户外运动专业人才的培养,重视鄂西户外品牌的打造,重视对户外运动俱乐部的规范化管理。     

Attentional focus effects on sprint start performance as a function of skill level

Abstract

Several researchers have demonstrated that an external focus of attention (about movement’s effects) during movement execution allowed better performances and learning of various motor tasks than an internal focus of attention (about movement itself). However, attentional focus effects have not been studied in tasks requiring explosive actions preceded by fast reaction time to a signal, such as a sprint start. We hypothesised that the beneficial effect of external focus of attention would be observed in the different stages of the sprint start (i.e. reaction time, block clearance and running) for both expert and novice sprinters. Novice and expert sprinters performed sprint starts followed by a 10 m sprint under three conditions: external focus instructions; internal focus instructions; and neutral instructions. The reaction time and the running time were significantly shorter in the external focus condition than in the internal focus condition, for both expert and novice participants. These results confirm the beneficial effect of an external focus of attention on the speed of movement execution. Moreover, they revealed that attentional focus influences movement preparation. Several hypotheses are proposed to account for these results, with reference to the processes that could be responsible for the observed effects.     

Do habitual foot-strike patterns in running influence functional Achilles tendon properties during gait?

ABSTRACT

The capacity of foot-strike running patterns to influence the functional properties of the Achilles tendon is controversial. This study used transmission-mode ultrasound to investigate the influence of habitual running foot-strike pattern on Achilles tendon properties during barefoot walking and running. Fifteen runners with rearfoot (RFS) and 10 with a forefoot (FFS) foot-strike running pattern had ultrasound transmission velocity measured in the right Achilles tendon during barefoot walking (≈1.1 ms^?1) and running (≈2.0 ms^?1). Temporospatial gait parameters, ankle kinematics and vertical ground reaction force were simultaneously recorded. Statistical comparisons between foot-strike patterns were made using repeated measure ANOVAs. FFS was characterised by a significantly shorter stance duration (?4%), greater ankle dorsiflexion (+2°), and higher peak vertical ground reaction force (+20% bodyweight) than RFS running (P < .05). Both groups adopted a RFS pattern during walking, with only the relative timing of peak dorsiflexion (3%), ground reaction force (1–2%) and peak vertical force loading rates (22–23%) differing between groups (P < .05). Peak ultrasound transmission velocity in the Achilles tendon was significantly higher in FFS during walking (≈100 ms^?1) and running (≈130 ms^?1) than RFS (P < .05). Functional Achilles tendon properties differ with habitual footfall patterns in recreational runners.     

In search of invariant athletic behaviour in sport: An example from championship squash match‐play

Analysis of competitive sport performance from a priori observation is frequently used to prepare an athlete for a future contest. This practice necessarily assumes that the observed athletic behaviours are invariant, in that the data from an earlier contest apply to the next. We report different analyses of championship squash matches from 1987 and 1988 in search of such invariance and thus a general signature of athletic behaviour. The results show that once the preceding condition to an athletic response (shot) becomes more detailed, by either accounting for where on court the previous shot was played to, or by pairing the previous shot with its own antecedent, the corresponding response becomes more predictable (P > 0.25). This is especially the case for a squash champion when the forehand and backhand characteristics of his shot response are accounted for. The finding that the champion is more consistent if his forehand and backhand shot responses to a preceding shot are analysed separately, shows that the level of analytic detail is an important consideration if the derived information from sport analysis is to prepare an athlete reliably for future sport competition. Finally, we consider sport competition from an ecological perspective with regard to the natural organization and stability of non‐linear systems in an attempt to explain the empirical data.     

The effects of work:rest duration on physiological and perceptual responses during intermittent exercise and performance

Abstract

In this study, we examined the effects of different work:rest durations during 20 min intermittent treadmill running and subsequent performance. Nine males (mean age 25.8 years, s = 6.8; body mass 73.9 kg, s = 8.8; stature 1.75 m, s = 0.05; [Vdot]O_2max 55.5 ml · kg^?1 · min^?1, s = 5.8) undertook repeated sprints at 120% of the speed at which [Vdot]O_2max was attained interspersed with passive recovery. The work:rest ratio was constant (1:1.5) with trials involving either short (6:9 s) or long (24:36 s) work:rest exercise protocols (total exercise time 8 min). Each trial was followed by a performance run to volitional exhaustion at the same running speed. Testing order was randomized and counterbalanced. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood glucose were similar between trials (P > 0.05). Blood lactate concentration was greater during the long than the short exercise protocol (P < 0.05), whereas blood pH was lower during the long than the short exercise protocol (7.28, s = 0.11 and 7.30, s = 0.03 at 20 min, respectively; P < 0.05). Perceptions of effort were greater throughout exercise for the long than the short exercise protocol (16.6, s = 1.4 and 15.1, s = 1.6 at 20 min, respectively; P < 0.05) and correlated with blood lactate (r = 0.43) and bicarbonate concentrations (r = ?0.59; P < 0.05). Although blood lactate concentration at 20 min was related to performance time (r = ?0.56; P < 0.05), no differences were observed between trials for time to exhaustion (short exercise protocol: 95.8 s, s = 30.0; long exercise protocol: 92.0 s, s = 37.1) or physiological responses at exhaustion (P > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that 20 min of intermittent exercise involving a long work:rest duration elicits greater metabolic and perceptual strain than intermittent exercise undertaken with a short work:rest duration but does not affect subsequent run time to exhaustion.