The academic writing process in Spanish universities: perceptions of students and faculty / El proceso de escritura académica en la universidad española: percepciones de estudiantes y profesores

Abstract

This paper is intended as an exploration of university faculty and students’ perceptions of a number of dimensions involved in the written composition of academic texts. We analysed the responses to scale 3 in the European Writing Survey (EUWRIT) (in its Spanish version: Encuesta Europea sobre la Escritura Académica, EEEA) by a group of social science and humanities students (n = 1,030) and faculty (n = 230) from nine Spanish universities. We then examined the similarities and differences in their perceptions and established a factorial structure of the different dimensions underlying the writing process. The data indicate that both groups concur in the value assigned to both changing ideas in the course of the composition process (although this process seems to be understood differently by each group) and the revision and feedback processes. The students, however, claim to be involved in more planning and previous reading activities than the teachers perceive them to be. The significance of these results for a process-oriented perspective in academic writing is discussed.     

从语法分布上看《史记》“禁不得祠明星出西方”的句读

《史记·秦始皇本纪》中"禁不得祠明星出西方"相关语句的句读,历来众说纷纭。该句句读的划分关键在于对不同小句成分的认识,"明星出西方"这类"N星+V+N方位词"格式是要素完全的独立小句,在句中可以单独成句;而对于"出西方"这类的句子,性质属于依附小句,在句法上不独立,需要依靠其他句子成分为其补充语义解读,因此其必须在复句中充当句中成分;"禁不得祠"按文例习惯更宜于将其作为复句的分句处理。故该句正确句读应为:"……实之初县,禁不得祠。明星出西方。"     

黄公望的“高远”式构图法赏析

以北京故宫博物院藏《丹崖玉树图》为研究对象,基于仰视、平视、俯视三个观察角度以及山峦巨石及树木的浅绛画法分析,研究黄公望采用对比法、鸟瞰视角获取"山外之景"的"高远"式的构图方法。在郭熙的山水画法基础上,黄公望的构图方法是对"高远"式构图法进行了创新。     

运动干预对小学生体形态和体成分影响的实验研究

分析以运动为主的干预方式对小学生体形态和体成分的干预情况,并探讨适合小学生防控肥胖的有效手段。方法：随机抽取四所小学4、5年级中9-13岁超重/肥胖学生作为实验干预对象,共计430人,分为有氧组、无氧组、综合组和对照组,实验持续16周,每周运动5天,每天约65min;运动强度控制在靶心率范围内。结果：经过16周运动干预后,小学生的腰围、臀围和体脂百分比均显著下降(p<0.05),体重级别与干预方式在上述三个指标上均无交互作用存在(p>0.05),干预方式显著影响腰围、臀围和脂肪百分比(p<0.05),结论：16周以学校为基础的运动干预方式能够明显减小小学生的腰围、臀围等体形态指标,对体重的影响效果不明显;有氧为主的运动对体形态的改善效果最优;运动干预方式能够显著降低小学生的体脂百分比,有效改善体成分;有氧为主的运动效果最优。     

新课程视野下的语文基础知识探析

基于新课程视野的语文基础知识是指学习语言文字运用所需要的基础知识。根据现代认知心理学分类理论和中小学语文教学实际,认为语文基础知识由事实性知识、概念性知识和程序性知识构成,三个层面构成的语文基础知识体系就像一座"宝塔",据此来来审视当前的语文基础知识状况,从而提出教学方法的选择必须以知识的分类为基础,选择积累法、感悟法、案例法和训练法。     

大强度间歇游泳运动对青年肥胖女性减肥效果的研究

目的:探讨大强度间歇游泳运动对青年肥胖女性减肥的效果。方法:20名自愿参加青年肥胖女性随机分为对照组和实验组各10名,实验组进行12周4次/周大强度间歇游泳运动,运动方案为以85%VO2max强度完成200m游、再以55%VO2max强度完成100m游、间歇休息3min为一组,重复6组;在运动计划实施前和12周结束时采用ZEUS9.9身体成分分析仪测定受试者身体成分。结果:与对照组或运动前比较,实验组青年肥胖女性的体重、BMI、腰围、臀围、WHR、体脂%、身体脂肪、内脏脂肪和皮下脂肪均出现极显著性或显著性减少(P0.01,P0.05),而肌肉量和蛋白质量则出现显著性增加(p0.05)。结论:大强度间歇游泳运动对青年肥胖女性有明显的减肥效果。     

间歇低氧运动对胰岛素抵抗大鼠体成分及血脂指标的影响

目的:探讨间歇低氧运动对胰岛素抵抗大鼠体成分及血脂指标的影响。方法:将高糖高脂膳食建模成功的48只胰岛素抵抗大鼠随机均分为常氧安静组、低氧安静组、常氧运动组和间歇低氧运动组,每组12只。每天进行1h跑速为25m/min的跑台运动,间歇低氧暴露为4h/d(14.5%O2),7d/w。干预4周末测量各组大鼠体成分及血清TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C浓度。结果:与常氧安静组比较,间歇低氧安静组、常氧运动组和间歇低氧运动组大鼠体重、肾周脂肪及附睾脂肪重量均出现显著性或极显著性下降(P0.05,P0.01),并以间歇低氧运动组下降最多,而股四头肌及腓肠肌虽有下降,但无统计学意义(P0.05),同时,血清脂代谢指标TG、TC和LDL-C均出现显著或极显著性低于常氧安静组(P0.05,P0.01),而HDL-C则极显著性高于常氧安静组(P0.01),且以间歇低氧运动组大鼠的效果最佳。结论:间歇低氧运动可以改善胰岛素抵抗大鼠体成分和血脂代谢。     

不同强度健身跑对女大学生身体成分和肺通气功能的影响

为提高大学生阳光体育冬季长跑的实效性,探讨不同强度有氧健身跑对女大学生身体成分和肺通气功能的影响,选择北京林业大学60名大二健康女大学生为研究对象,运用文献资料法、教学实验法和数理统计法,进行了16周不同强度组别健身跑实验。结果发现:中、小强度健身跑锻炼对学生身体成分的影响显著,在脂肪百分比、身体质量指数、腰臀比指标均值改变的幅度最大,差异最显著(p0.01);高强度健身跑锻炼对身体成分的影响较小;通过对不同强度组学生两项肺功能指标测试,三种强度的健身跑使学生的肺功能指标均有一定幅度的提高,但中等强度健身跑对学生肺功能影响最大,提高幅度最明显,两项指标均呈现显著性差异(p0.01)。     

Relationships between anthropometric measures and athletic performance,with special reference to repeated-sprint ability,in the Qatar national soccer team

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine potential relationships between anthropometric parameters and athletic performance with special consideration to repeated-sprint ability (RSA). Sixteen players of the senior male Qatar national soccer team performed a series of anthropometric and physical tests including countermovement jumps without (CMJ) and with free arms (CMJwA), straight-line 20 m sprint, RSA (6 × 35 m with 10 s recovery) and incremental field test. Significant (P < 0.05) relationships occurred between muscle-to-bone ratio and both CMJs height (r ranging from 0.56 to 0.69) as well as with all RSA-related variables (r < –0.53 for sprinting times and r = 0.54 for maximal sprinting speed) with the exception of the sprint decrement score (S_dec). The sum of six skinfolds and adipose mass index were largely correlated with S_dec (r = 0.68, P < 0.01 and r = 0.55, P < 0.05, respectively) but not with total time (TT, r = 0.44 and 0.33, P > 0.05, respectively) or any standard athletic tests. Multiple regression analyses indicated that muscular cross-sectional area for mid-thigh, adipose index, straight-line 20 m time, maximal sprinting speed and CMJwA are the strongest predictors of S_dec (r² = 0.89) and TT (r² = 0.95) during our RSA test. In the Qatar national soccer team, players’ power-related qualities and RSA are associated with a high muscular profile and a low adiposity. This supports the relevance of explosive power for the soccer players and the larger importance of neuromuscular qualities determining the RSA.     

从具象到抽象——关于平面构成教学方法的思考

要解决平面构成教学中学生对抽象的形难于把握的问题，首先要开启学生对于自然中美的形式的发现，探索点、线、面的的形式与人的心理感受的关系；然后训练其对自然的形的选择与提炼能力，在选择与提炼的基础上发挥联想与想象力进行组合与繁殖，以此形成把握抽象的形的能力。