文本中沉默的再现:以两则禅宗公案为例

本文探讨沉默在叙述文本中的再现,特别是以宗教文本为例。本文提出四点来阐释沉默和言辞表达之间的关系。(一)沉默是文本之要素及策略;(二)沉默沟通的行为;(三)沉默的力量犹如语言;(四)沉默再现的方式,即是沉默意涵的一部分。借由分析二则禅宗公案,本文将试论文本如何叙述及展现沉默,及沉默的意义为何。     

话语重构与身份认同——《太阳照在桑干河上》的文本生产

运用话语理论考察《太阳照在桑干河上》这一文本的"话语重构"现象,分别从写作初衷与创作过程中存在的悖论、版本变迁与意识形态的关系等方面分析其动态复杂的生产过程与意识形态氛围对于文学生产的隐蔽控制;进而探讨这一重构现象潜在的主观原因,即丁玲努力寻求自我与主流意识形态的身份认同;指出作家既是话语重构的主体,同时也是话语权利的重构对象.     

论语篇连贯的显性和隐性衔接机制

语篇应该具有连贯性,语篇连贯是依靠语篇衔接关系建立起来的。实现语篇连贯的衔接机制有显性和隐性之分,其中显性衔接是实现语篇连贯的主要手段,而隐性衔接则是实现语篇连贯的不可缺少的方式。二者相间使用,相互补充,促成整个语篇连贯的建立。     

听力理解模式及其在听力测试中的作用

聆听(Listening)是外语学习者接触外语和语音输入的主要途径之一，它对外语学习起着重要的作用。本文介绍了心理语言学的三种听力理解模式：“自下而上”模式(bottom-up)、“自上而下”模式(topdown)和“互动”模式(interactive)，并结合大学英语四级考试全真听力测试题，阐述了这三种模式对听力理解的重要指导作用。     

《水浒》:对权威话语的认同、质疑及颠覆

作为权威话语的儒家思想,不仅在《水浒》中留有“修身齐家治国平天下”的深刻印记,并还以君臣、父子这一整套纲常秩序建构起小说的重要思想根基,具体表现为“事亲以孝”、“事君以忠”、“夫权至上”三方面。而在执着认同之余,小说对儒学也进行了大胆质疑及至无情颠覆。但这种反叛与颠覆,并不意味着政治意义上的权力更替与交接,而总是表现为理性与暧昧、庄重与谐谑、儒雅与痞俗——彼此之间的相互对话与抗衡。     

突破现成话语

现成话语由于其现成性，在很多场合可以自发地涌到嘴边，这种自发的语言常常是歪曲自我的。现成话语把自觉的自我变成现成状态的自我，使真实的自我处在被现成话语淹没的情境中。因此，语言的苍白，乃是心灵的苍白。突破现成话语，也即突破现成的藩篱，找到个人介入社会的方式。     

形象地翻译活动词 实现语篇叙述功能

本文以实现叙述功能的活动词的运用为例 ,通过对两个英语语篇中一些活动的汉语翻译比较 ,揭示出只有形象地翻译活动词 ,才能更好地实现语篇中的叙述功能 ,才能使源语中的活动词在译语中依然体现出它们在语篇中的动态与活力     

Teacher Judgments of Student Reading and Math Skills: Associations With Child- and Classroom-Related Factors

The purpose of the study was to examine whether students’ linguistic skills and task-avoidant behavior (i.e., the child-related factors) and the mean level of academic skills (reading comprehension and math) of classmates (i.e., the class-related factor) are associated with teacher judgments of children’s reading comprehension and math skills. The participants were third-grade Estonian-speaking students (n?=?656; age 9?11 years) and their classroom teachers (n?=?51). The results of the structural equation modeling path analyses indicated that teachers tend to judge students showing higher academic and linguistic skills and lower avoidance behavior as higher on the reading comprehension and math skills. In contrast, the classmates’ higher academic skill level was related to lower judgments of individual children’s reading comprehension and math skills by teachers.     

The Talking Drawings Strategy: Using Primary Children’s Illustrations and Oral Language to Improve Comprehension of Expository Text

Listening and reading comprehension can be assessed by analyzing children’s visual, verbal, and written representations of their understandings. “Talking Drawings” (McConnell, S. (1993). Talking drawings: A strategy for assisting learners. Journal of Reading, 36(4), 260–269 is one strategy that enables children to combine their prior knowledge with the new information derived from an expository text and “translate” those newly-acquired understandings into other symbol systems, including an oral discussion with a partner, a more detailed drawing, and written labels for the drawing. The Talking Drawings strategy begins by inviting children to create pre-learning drawings. These initial drawings are a way of taking inventory of a child’s current content knowledge about a particular topic. After pre-learning drawings are created and shared, children listen to or read an expository text (e.g., information book, passage from a textbook) on the same topic as their drawing. Pairs of students discuss the information and either modify their pre-learning drawings to be more detailed or create completely new drawings that reflect the recently-acquired information. Students are encouraged to label their drawings with words in a diagram or schematic fashion. By evaluating the “before” and “after” artwork, educators can identify advances in students’ reading and listening comprehension of the terminology, facts, and principles on a particular topic.     

Promoting cognitive and social aspects of inquiry through classroom discourse

We investigated how Chinese physics teachers structured classroom discourse to support the cognitive and social aspects of inquiry-based science learning. Regarding the cognitive aspect, we examined to what extent the cognitive processes underlying the scientific skills and the disciplinary reasoning behind the content knowledge were taught. Regarding the social aspect, we examined how classroom discourse supported student learning in terms of students' opportunities to talk and interaction patterns. Our participants were 17 physics teachers who were actively engaged in teacher education programs in universities and professional development programs in local school districts. We analyzed one lesson video from each participating teacher. The results suggest both promises and challenges. Regarding the cognitive aspect of inquiry, the teachers in general recognized the importance of teaching the cognitive processes and disciplinary reasoning. However, they were less likely to address common intuitive ideas about science concepts and principles. Regarding the social aspect of inquiry, the teachers frequently interacted with students in class. However, it appeared that facilitating conversations among students and prompting students to talk about their own ideas are challenging. We discuss the implications of these findings for teacher education programs and professional development programs in China.