我国基础教育评价制度的结构、问题及完善路径

基础教育评价制度是基础教育评价活动所需遵循的特定行为准则和规范。依据制度基础、功能与形式考察我国基础教育评价制度结构,可将其划分为督导评估制度、质量监测制度、升学考试制度和常态化教学评价制度4种类型。当前基础教育评价制度存在一些问题,未能适应基础教育改革与发展的需要,主要表现为制度共识的异化、评价制度的内部动力不足、评价制度的多元性不足、制度功能迷失、外部评价制度不健全。为完善我国基础教育评价制度,要着力反思制度的建构逻辑,从促进形成基础教育评价的多重社会共识、激活评价制度的内在活力、优化评价制度的形式与内容、改善评价制度的外部环境等方面着手。     

全纳教育背景下残障学生参加大规模教育测试的现状分析及完善建议

在国际全纳教育改革背景下,一些国际大规模教育测试中残障学生参加比例偏低甚至缺失的问题,逐渐引起国际特殊教育和全纳教育领域研究者的关注。为深入探究这一现象,以PISA、TIMSS测试为例,基于2项测试的官方报告,从样本选择、题目编制和结果报告3个方面对残障学生参加比例较低或缺失现象进行探究。在此基础上,结合我国残障学生参加大规模招生考试相关规定和实践,就进一步完善残障学生参加大规模教育测试提出3点建议:1)保障残障学生参加教育测试的权利;2)为残障学生参加测试提供合理便利;3)针对残障学生测试结果提供相应的成绩报告。     

人工智能时代教育目的的转向

人工智能给人的生存带来了意义危机。它使人失去工具意义,成为“无用阶层”;人一旦失去操劳,也就失去了意义产生的大地;更为可怕的是,人极有可能被“神人”设计,成为“圈养”的存在。人的生存面临意义危机时,唯有回归自我才能救己,在自我成长中构建价值,由“为他的”向“为我的”价值向度转向,实现人本真的价值,这需要依靠教育来达成。智能时代教育目的要转向使人成为他自己,实现人劳作的艺术化,以使人在智能时代活得更有意义、自由和尊严。同时,人工智能为教育目的的转向提供技术支撑,它使个性化学习成为可能,实现了“为我的”学习,建构“属我的”知识,这些都使智能时代必需的自我矗立了起来。     

地理学研究生教育的空间性及其生产机制

比较中国高校地理学研究生培养方案,识别高校地理学研究生教育的空间性及其生产机制。研究发现:（1）研究生培养单位分布区域不平衡显著,隶属关系与区位差异直接影响培养方向、目标、创新能力等方面育成途径差异,地理学研究生培养日益重视学科内部交叉,以及与生态环境、测绘、海洋、经济、城乡规划与资源环境管理等外部学科交叉衍生;（2）中央政府直属高校自然地理人才培养面向全球变化、资源利用与自然灾害,人文地理人才培养集中在经济、城市、旅游等三级分支理论研究及其服务国家发展规划,地理信息系统人才养集中在资源环境遥感原理与应用、生态环境监测;省属高校地理学研究生培养更加注重地方发展、资源环境利用与中学师资等方向。     

“生活·实践”教育的哲学辨识

“生活·实践”教育不仅是一个重要的教育实践策略或路径,更是一个思想方案。它所聚焦的重大理论问题是,教育何以在本质上是“生活·实践”的。在教育本质研究的历史与传统中,教育“真理话语”主要有形而上学-神逻辑、历史-经验逻辑、生活-实践逻辑三种解释范式。“生活·实践”教育理论建立在马克思主义哲学基础之上,具有深厚的本体论意蕴。教育之所以在本质上是“生活·实践”的,是因为人的本质是生成的而非预成的,是在“生活·实践”中生成的,只有在“生活·实践”中,人才能得到自由全面的发展。“生活·实践”教育理论如想建立一个完整的教育观念系统,就有必要在本体论研究上着紧用力。     

Rural-Oriented Pre-service Teachers Transitioning in Multiple Identities: An Ethnographic Study in a Chinese University Based on Sociological Institutionalism

Based on the identity theory and the sociological institutionalism theory, this study establishes a triple identity analysis framework and describes the interaction pattern and internal logic between the internal identity cognition and the external identity expectation of rural-oriented pre-service teachers through the study of educational ethnography. It is found that while they form a dominant identity in the interaction with policies, they are also endowed with the identity “privilege” and the energized learning motivation, but there are mutual restrictions between policies’ entitlement and empowerment. In the interaction with social norms, they exchange with the policies reciprocally due to the torture of moral obligation, and then consciously undertake the responsibilities of their identity, but ego and publicity still conflict with each other in the underlying logic. In the interaction with their ego, they gradually reconcile with themselves and reshape their identity after experiencing identity rejection under the stigmatization cognition. Then, in the process of habitualization and institutionalization of identity, they adopt two different strategies: passive compromise and active adjustment.     

5G and Smart Education: Educational Reform Based on Intelligent Technology

The 5G communication technology serving a wide range of vertical industries is maturing, which provides a possible boost for the development of smart education and lays a foundation for solving the principal contradiction in current education. With the characteristics of ultra-high speed, low latency, low energy consumption, massive network capacity, and high reliability, the 5G technology is applied with other technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), internet of things (IoT), big data, and blockchain to promote the application upgrading of intelligent education technology. This paper analyzes the intelligent education technology and its eight typical applications in the 5G era, which include smart safe campus, integrated learning spaces, synchronous cyber classrooms, teachers’ professional development, robot learning partners, mobile and ubiquitous learning, virtual simulation training, and smart e-textbooks. Then, it discusses how intelligent education technology promotes changes in the modes of learning and teaching in the 5G era from three dimensions: individual learning, collaborative group learning, and classroom-based collective teaching. At last, the framework of smart education in the 5G era is proposed from the perspectives of intelligent education technology and its typical applications, changes in learning and teaching, and the new ecosystem of smart education.     

Will Special-Contracted Teachers Promote the Development of Rural Students? From the Perspective of the New Human Capital Theory

The Special-Contracted Teacher Scheme, a supplement to the traditional mode of teacher supply, has been implemented for 17 years and the teaching quality of those teachers has gained a lot of attention. Using data of teachers and students from the sample counties in four central and western provincial-level administrative units, this paper studies how special-contracted teachers have affected students’ academic performance and non-cognitive ability according to the student development framework of the new human capital theory, and how those effects vary among different teacher groups. Results show that while special-contracted teachers have helped improve the academic performance of rural students, their role is limited in improving students’ non-cognitive ability. At the same time, female special-contracted teachers and those without a normal major play an obviously bigger role in raising students’ academic performance. The conclusion is that special-contracted teachers can to some extent help narrow the urban-rural gap in academic performance, but more research needs to be done to better understand their effects on students’ non-cognitive ability.     

共同富裕背景下中等收入群体高等教育焦虑的典型特点与对策研究

中等收入群体既是我国经济社会发展的重要参与者、支撑者和贡献者,又是高等教育普及化和高质量高等教育的推动者,且该群体的扩大能够为我国跨越“中等收入陷阱”提供必要条件。然而近年来,他们逐步陷入了某种群体性焦虑,其中高等教育焦虑是其重要的一方面。面对新时代人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾,中等收入群体在高等教育需要方面表现出的焦虑情绪具有广泛性、深刻性、持续性和扩散性四大特点。中等收入人群的增加有利于更好地缩小贫富差距,是实现共同富裕的重要途径,我们要理性认识到中等收入群体的高等教育焦虑是现代化进程中的伴生现象,是中等收入群体发展的典型特征,缓解中等收入群体的高等教育焦虑需要加强供给侧结构性改革。因此,我们要遵循“守住公平底线,坚持共同发展;关注群体需求,扩大优质资源;多种手段并举,开拓教育消费渠道;聚焦发展水平,全面提升质量”的总体思路,分别从扩大高等教育供给、促进高等教育高质量发展、推动中等收入群体家庭成员共同发展、保障中等收入家庭心理安全以及持续提升高等教育培养能力等角度采取相关措施,以有效缓解中等收入群体高等教育焦虑,更好地推动国家经济社会发展以及共同富裕的早日实现。     

境外高校独立办学立法的现实诉求与思考

推进境外高校独立办学立法是重大教育改革于法有据的必然要求,是支持跨境教育新业态健康发展的法治保障,也是推进跨境教育治理现代化的必由之路。海南自由贸易港应尽快制定境外高校独立办学的专门管理法规,以区域性跨境教育先行先试,进而辐射更大区域、更大范围乃至带动全国教育领域改革开放的协同发展。境外高校独立办学立法的主要原则是教育主权原则、教育公益性原则、高校独立办学原则和透明原则。立法的重点是厘定独立办学机构的法律地位,明确其法律权利和义务,规范其审批程序,加强政府部门对独立办学行为的监管和不当行为的责任追究,实现境外高校独立办学法治化、规范化。