Fluid and electrolyte balance in elite male football (soccer) players training in a cool environment

There are few data in the published literature on sweat loss and drinking behaviour in athletes training in a cool environment. Sweat loss and fluid intake were measured in 17 first-team members of an elite soccer team training for 90 min in a cool (5°C, 81% relative humidity) environment. Sweat loss was assessed from the change in body mass after correction for the volume of fluid consumed. Sweat electrolyte content was measured from absorbent patches applied at four skin sites. Mean (?± s) sweat loss during training was 1.69?±?0.45 l (range 1.06?-?2.65 l). Mean fluid intake during training was 423?±?215 ml (44?-?951 ml). There was no apparent relationship between the amount of sweat lost and the volume of fluid consumed during training (r ² = 0.013, P = 0.665). Mean sweat sodium concentration was 42.5?±?13.0 mmol?·?l^?1 and mean sweat potassium concentration was 4.2?±?1.0 mmol?·?l^?1. Total salt (NaCl) loss during training was 4.3?±?1.8 g. The sweat loss data are similar to those recorded in elite players undergoing a similar training session in warm environments, but the volume of fluid ingested is less.     

聚丙烯腈基锂盐快离子导体

以聚丙烯腈,N、N-二甲基乙酰胺,γ-丁内酯和LiCIO_4为原料,配制了一系列具有离子导电性的固溶体。固溶体的离子电导率随盐浓度增加而单调增加,且离子电导率与温度之间呈VTF经验关系。循环伏安扫描结果表明固溶体的电化学稳定电压高于4.5V。     

CaO+SiO2+Al2O3+MgO+FeO五元渣系中FeO活度的研究

Activities of FeO in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-FeO slags were determined at 1673 K by electrochemical measurements of the solid electrolyte cell: Mo |Mo MoO2[ZrO2(MgO)[Fe (CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-FeO) Ag|Fe. The influences of slag compositions and basicity on FeO activities were analyzed. The results reveal that, for slags of fixed (?O)/(%SiO2) ratio, MgO and Al2O3 content, there was an increase of FeO activities with increase of FeO content. For slags with constant {(?O) (%MgO)}/(%SiO2) ratio, fixed FeO and Al,2O3 content, FeO activities decreased when MgO content increased from 5% to 10%, and increased with the increase of MgO content when it was over 10%. The FeO activities increased when (?O)/(%SiO2) ratio changed from 1.03 to 1.30 in the slags of constant MgO, FeO and Al2O3 content.     

锂离子二次电池负极材料及电解质研究

综述了锂离子二次电池负极材料和电介质的研究现状 ,对现行研究和应用的二次锂电池负极材料、电解质中存在的问题进行了深入分析并对材料的分类、特点和发展方向进行了研究     

A faster running speed is associated with a greater body weight loss in 100-km ultra-marathoners

Abstract

In 219 recreational male runners, we investigated changes in body mass, total body water, haematocrit, plasma sodium concentration ([Na⁺]), and urine specific gravity as well as fluid intake during a 100-km ultra-marathon. The athletes lost 1.9 kg (s = 1.4) of body mass, equal to 2.5% (s = 1.8) of body mass (P < 0.001), 0.7 kg (s = 1.0) of predicted skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.001), 0.2 kg (s = 1.3) of predicted fat mass (P < 0.05), and 0.9 L (s = 1.6) of predicted total body water (P < 0.001). Haematocrit decreased (P < 0.001), urine specific gravity (P < 0.001), plasma volume (P < 0.05), and plasma [Na⁺] (P < 0.05) all increased. Change in body mass was related to running speed (r = ?0.16, P < 0.05), change in plasma volume was associated with change in plasma [Na⁺] (r = ?0.28, P < 0.0001), and change in body mass was related to both change in plasma [Na⁺] (r = ?0.36) and change in plasma volume (r = 0.31) (P < 0.0001). The athletes consumed 0.65 L (s = 0.27) fluid per hour. Fluid intake was related to both running speed (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001) and change in body mass (r = 0.23, P = 0.0006), but not post-race plasma [Na⁺] or change in plasma [Na⁺] (P > 0.05). In conclusion, faster runners lost more body mass, runners lost more body mass when they drank less fluid, and faster runners drank more fluid than slower runners.     

Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate‐electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent,high‐intensity shuttle running

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ingesting a carbohydrate‐electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during a prolonged intermittent, high‐intensity shuttle running test (PIHSRT). Nine trained male games players performed two exercise trials, 7 days apart. On each occasion, they completed 75 min exercise, comprising of five 15‐min periods of intermittent running, consisting of sprinting, interspersed with periods of jogging and walking (Part A), followed by intermittent running to fatigue (Part B). The subjects were randomly allocated either a 6.9% carbohydrate‐electrolyte solution (CHO) or a non‐carbohydrate placebo (CON) immediately prior to exercise (5 ml kg^‐1 body mass) and every 15 min thereafter (2 ml kg^‐1 body mass). Venous blood samples were obtained at rest, during and after each PIHSRT for the determination of glucose, lactate, plasma free fatty acid, glycerol, ammonia, and serum insulin and electrolyte concentrations. During Part B, the subjects were able to continue running longer when fed CHO (CHO = 8.9 ± 1.5 min vs CON = 6.7 ± 1.0 min; P < 0.05) (mean ± s.e.m.). These results show that drinking a carbohydrate‐electrolyte solution improves endurance running capacity during prolonged intermittent exercise.     

活性染料低电解质染色研究进展

印染工业中存在电解质用量大,染色废水处理负担重等一系列问题。目前实现活性染料低电解质或无电解质染色的主要方法有：开发低电解质活性染料、对纤维素纤维阳离子改性、研发活性染料无电解质染色助剂及调整染色工艺。这些方法的工艺、效果和应用前景各有不同。     

电导法测定水溶液中NaBr与KBr的活度系数

应用电导法分别测定水溶液中NaBr、KBr的电导率,以及混合电解质NaBr和KBr的电导率;计算了电解质的活度系数。结果表明,温度一定时,在稀溶液范围内,活度系数随浓度的增加而降低;浓度一定时,随温度的升高而降低;混合电解质的活度系数与单一电解质的活度系数相近,并不存在简单的加和关系。     

关于盐类水解问题的探讨

依据质子理论、探讨盐类水解的本质,通过离子的极化作用,讨论了盐类水解的强弱程度以及影响水解的因素.     

显示器故障的判断及检修

论述显示器故障分析、判断及检修方法，阐述显示器检修时应注意的事项。