城市老年人收入的性别差异与性别差别——基于上海市区户籍老年人经济状况调查的分析

2004-2005年上海市区户籍老年人经济状况调查的结果显示,老年人之间的收入状况存在较为明显的性别差异,即各年龄段月均收入1000元及以下者的比例几乎都是女性高于男性,而月均收入1001元及以上者的比例则大多是女性低于男性;80岁以上女性的贫困化倾向较男性更为严重。目前,人生历程研究方法已经被普遍用于探讨老年人问题,这一方法把老年期看作人生历程的一个阶段,主张从老年人的中年期、青年期或更年少时期的经历追溯他们在老年期遭遇问题的形成原因,从老年人经历的社会生活本身探究问题产生的社会根源。利用这一方法对上海市区户籍老年人经济状况调查数据进行的分析表明,性别差异根源于我国特有的性别差别:虽然男女平等观念已被社会普遍接受,但女性的不平等待遇依然存在,其中,家庭劳动领域男女平等法律保障的缺失以及男女不平等的退休制度是造成这种性别差异的主要原因。改革现行的相关制度和政策,既是实现男女平等的前提,也是应对老龄化问题的重要举措。     

Life skills-based HIV education: some virtues and errors

Since the early 1990s, life skills education has benefitted substantially from international agency advocacy and support, linked to its implementation in several countries as a key component of the education sector response to sexual health and HIV. The concept of life skills was first promoted by the World Health Organization through its programme on mental health as a means of promoting psychosocial competence. Since then, it has been extended to address a wider range of issues. Life skills-based HIV and sex education has proved to be a durable concept in education sector policy discourse on HIV and AIDS, despite a growing literature on the shortcomings in terms of its effectiveness in implementation in schools and delivering intended learning outcomes. Using a literature review, this paper aims to re-examine the adequacy of the life skills-based HIV education approach including empirical evidence for its effectiveness in educating about and preventing HIV infection among young people. Findings suggest that bureaucratic acceptance and advocacy for life skills-based HIV education has outstripped the theoretical adequacy and empirical evidence base for its effectiveness. Its current position among core indicators for the education sector response to HIV can be considered indicative of frozen thinking or inter-agency group-think.     

运动对血清瘦素水平的影响

采用文献资料等研究方法,对肥胖基因及其表达产物——瘦素（Leptin）的结构、功能及其作用机制,Leptin的分泌和调节,国内外有关瘦素的生理学作用,瘦素与运动关系的研究近况,不同强度和时间的运动对血清瘦素的影响进行综述,并对未来研究前景提出展望。结论表明：瘦素在运动训练中具有潜在的价值,可以用血液中的瘦素水平来监控运动训练,了解不同运动对瘦素的作用及机制,开．展瘦素与运动的关系及其相关的神经内分泌和免疫等方面的系统研究具有重要意义。     

Grade and speed have greater influence on HR and RPE than ability,sex, and age in alpine skiing

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ski slope grade, skiing speed, skiing ability, sex, and age on HR, RPE, and energy expenditure responses during recreational alpine skiing. Thirty-eight participants were divided by age, sex, and skiing ability. Instructor- and self-paced skiing conditions were conducted on 10° and 19.8° slopes. Skiing HR was recorded, RPE collected at the end of each run, and energy expenditure calculated. The pertinent results of this study demonstrate that the interactions of grade × speed, speed × age, and grade × age and the main effects of speed and grade significantly influenced %HRmax, mean HR, RPE, and energy expenditure during skiing. When %HRmax is taken into account, the older skiers skied at a greater relative intensity than the young skiers. The sex, age, and skiing ability main effects did not have a significant influence on mean HR, RPE, and energy expenditure. These data demonstrates that increased speed and grade results in increased physiological stress. Using mean, HR data may not be the best option for assessing physiological stress during exercise in the older athlete as it does not account for the influence of the ageing process.     

8周跑台运动干预对雄性肥胖大鼠生殖功能的影响*

目的：：本文旨在探讨8周运动干预对肥胖雄性大鼠生殖功能影响,为运动改善由于肥胖引起的睾丸功能障碍提供实验依据。方法：以SD大鼠为研究对象,通过高脂饮食创建肥胖动物模型,并施加8周的中等负荷的跑台有氧训练干预,观察大鼠的体重、腹腔脂肪、睾丸重量,大鼠的精子数量与活度,血清睾酮( T)、血清黄体生成素( LH),卵泡刺激素(FSH),雌二醇(E2)变化情况。结果：①与正常组相比,肥胖组大鼠体重、脂体比明显提高,肥胖组体内血清睾酮、黄体生成素与卵泡刺激素水平明显降低,雌二醇明显升高;睾丸系数、精子数目和精子活动率显著降低;②与肥胖组相比,肥胖运动组大鼠的体重、脂体比明显下降,血清睾酮、黄体生成素与卵泡刺激素的含量有了显著性地升高,雌二醇明显下降;睾丸系数、精子数目和精子活动率均显著地上升。结论：①长期高脂饮食不仅诱导肥胖,还会对雄性大鼠造成性激素紊乱,精子质量参数下降等负面的影响;②8周跑台有氧运动干预能有效的降低肥胖雄性大鼠体重和脂体比,改善精子的质量参数,缓解性激素紊乱,逆转肥胖对雄性大鼠生殖功能的负面影响。     

近百年来关于娼妓的研究

在学术界,娼妓并不是一个新问题,至晚从19世纪上半叶开始,西方的现代社会科学家们已经进行了大量的研究,但是在中国却很少得到介绍。为了更好地研究与处理目前中国的“性产业”问题,笔者把西方已有的研究成果归纳为10大类29种理论解释,以作“他山之石”,其中的许多观点,在目前中国还没有人提起。此外,笔者也总结了目前中国所流传的、显然不同于西方的一些理论。这些理论,绝大多数是试图解释一个根本的问题：娼妓为什么会产生。     

刺五加开花后雌蕊的发育状态与受精作用

刺五加Eleutherococcus senticosus(Rupr． et Maxim．)Maxim．植株在开花后雌配子体的发育状态与 一般植物不同在于:雌配子体在开花当天均末成熟,在开花后经4-5天才发育成熟。开花第6天,雌株 和两性株的成熟胚囊百分率各为82．25％和67．25％,其余为未育、败育、退化或未成熟胚囊,未观察到 已受精的胚囊;而此时,雄株的雌配子体退化、花朵全部脱落。伴随着胚囊的分化,刺五加雌株和两性株 的花柱逐渐延长,蜜腺渐趋成熟。开花后4～6天,乳突细胞发育,柱头开始外翻;此后,蜜腺分泌花蜜, 柱头进入可授期。开花第7天,胚囊开始受精。开花后9～10天,雌株已受精的胚囊占胚囊总数的40～ 65％,两性株已受精的胚囊占胚囊总数的25～41％。刺五加花粉萌发至雌雄性核融合的间隔期约为2 ～3天。刺五加的双受精过程与一般被子植物基本相同。其受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。 此外,还观察了成熟胚囊退化的类型,观察到多余花粉管进入胚囊以及两个精子与卵受精、两个精子与次生核融合的图象。     

人胚胎的伦理地位

人胚胎的伦理地位问题争议很大。人胚胎具有将来发育为人的目的性,是人类世代交替的一个必要环节。依据生存目的论人胚胎在很大程度上具有人的伦理地位、尊严和权利。依据效果论,伦理观念应随着科技形势而变化,人类良好的生存发展是胚胎伦理选择的根本。胚胎伦理的两个方面应当统一起来,采取均衡的科研政策。     

Changes in Learning Environment during the Transition from Primary to Secondary School

The study used learning environment variables in investigating changes occurring as students transfer from primary to secondary school, including the role of student sex and school size pathway as influencing factors in changes in learning environment perceptions. The My Class Inventory (MCI) and Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI) were used in two data-gathering stages, one in the penultimate month of primary schooling and the other in the fourth month of secondary schooling. The sample comprised 1500 students from 47 feeder primary schools and 16 linked secondary schools. The primary schools ranged from very small isolated country schools to larger city schools with hundreds of students. Five different school size transition pathways were defined for analysis: small-to-medium, medium-to-medium, small-to-large, medium-to-large and ‘within-school’ (involving schools with a K-10 structure, but with separate primary and secondary school sites within the same campus). Although the classroom climate in secondary schools was perceived more favourably than in primary schools (especially in terms of less friction and competitiveness), the quality of teacher-student interaction was perceived to deteriorate on most dimensions assessed by the QTI (e.g. a reduction in teachers' leadership, helping/friendly, understanding and student responsibility/freedom behaviours). But changes in environment perceptions across transition varied with student sex and school size pathway. For example, perceptions of class satisfaction across transition deteriorated for girls, but improved for the boys. The findings have implications for administrators and teachers, particularly those with a role within the ‘middle school’ years. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

温度胁迫对稻胚酯酶同工酶、蛋白质和内源脱落酸(ABA)水平的影响

本文研究了不同温度胁迫对水稻幼胚酯酶同工酶、总蛋白谱带变化及内源脱落酸水平的影响。结果表明：４℃低温处理２４ 小时,幼胚酯酶同工酶和总蛋白个别谱带减弱或消失;４０ ℃高温处理２４ 小时,则使酯酶同工酶和总蛋白谱带增强或出现新带。同时,内源脱落酸（ＡＢＡ） 含量在４ ℃低温处理６ 小时后即升至最高峰,随后呈下降趋势;４０ ℃高温处理２４ 小时才出现高峰。提示水稻幼胚对不同的温度胁迫的适应机制是不同的。