Comfort,Class and Climate Change: The Rise of Glass in Late Medieval and Early Modern Domestic Architecture

ABSTRACT

In the modern world, glass windows are considered an indispensable element of the built environment. Throughout premodern times, however, glass was not universally used in European architecture. This article argues that the rise of glass in Western architecture was neither an inevitable nor a linear process, but rather a response to certain social, cultural and environmental factors that gained increasing relevance from the late medieval period onwards. In other words, glass windows are a cultural convention, reflecting some of the wide-ranging and transformative challenges that Europeans faced in the late medieval and early modern period.     

对我国环境会计信息披露的现实思考

环境会计是推动组织重视环境保护、推行绿色经营、走可持续发展道路的重要手段。自20世纪90年代以来,我国学者对环境会计问题进行了热烈的探讨,取得了许多有益的成果。从我国环境会计信息披露的现状进行了实证研究,并在此基础上提出符合我国国情的披露体系。     

现阶段我国企业孵化器发展的战略思考

分别从企业孵化器发展的理论要求和我国现实状况分析出发,从两个角度加强对我国企业孵化器发展要求的认识。指明了可以有效促进我国企业孵化器发展的工作任务,并对营造有利发展环境的意义及主要手段进行了说明。     

2008年奥运会的税收经济影响分析

运用数量分析和比较文献方法。在综合分析奥运会给北京带来的经济社会影响的基础上，着重分析了奥运会对北京地方税收经济带来的诸方面影响，以及税收政策对成功举办奥运会、发挥奥运经济正面效应、克服奥运经济负面效应中的重大作用。在此基础上，针对当前北京市已经实施的奥运税收政策进行了综合评价。井提出了完善2008年北京市奥运税收政策体系的基本构想。     

新疆回族女性体育锻炼状况及影响因素的调查研究

对新疆回族集中地昌吉州、伊犁州及焉耆县各年龄段的回族女性参加体育锻炼状况进行调查,结果表明：回族女性参与体育锻炼状况不容乐观;回族女性总体体育锻炼意识不强,参与体育锻炼的积极性不高且影响因素较多。     

黑龙江省田径运动现状与发展对策研究

通过对黑龙江省田径运动员在全国第十届运动会赛前备战及赛后的成绩情况和部分体校的调研资料进行分析,找出制约黑龙江省田径运动可持续发展的主要影响因素,并进而提出发展对策,旨在为黑龙江省田径运动持续、健康地发展及为黑龙江省田径科研工作提供参考。     

List of Reviewers

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of target distance on temporal and impact force parameters that are important performance factors in taekwondo kicks. Forty-nine taekwondo athletes (age = 24.5 ± 5.9 years; mass = 79.9 ± 10.8 kg) were recruited: 13 male experts, 21 male novices, 8 female experts, and 6 female novices. Impact force, reaction time, and execution time were computed. Three-way repeated measure ANOVAs revealed significant ‘distance’ effect on impact force, reaction time, and execution time (p = 0.001). Comparisons between distance conditions revealed that taekwondo athletes kicked with higher impact force from short distance (17.6 ± 7.5 N/kg) than from long distance (13.1 ± 5.7 N/kg) (p < 0.001), had lower reaction time from short distance (498 ± 90 ms) and normal distance (521 ± 111 ms) than from long distance (602 ± 121 ms) (p < 0.001), and had lower execution time from short distance (261 ± 69 ms/m) than from normal distance (306 ± 105 ms/m) or from long distance (350 ± 106 ms/m) (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, target distance affected the kick performance; as distance increases, impact force decreased and reaction time increased. Therefore, when reaction to a simple visual stimulus is needed, kicking from a long distance is not recommended, as longer time is required to respond.     

Sex differences in lower extremity stiffness and kinematics alterations during double-legged drop landings with changes in drop height

The aim of this study was to determine whether sex differences and effect of drop heights exist in stiffness alteration of the lower extremity during a landing task with a drop height increment. Twelve male participants and twelve female participants performed drop landings at two drop heights (DL40 and DL60; in cm). The leg and joint stiffnesses were calculated using a spring–mass model, and the joint angular kinematics were calculated using motion capture. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) were recorded using a force plate. The peak vertical GRF of the females was significantly increased when the drop height was raised from 40 to 60 cm. Significantly less leg and knee stiffness was observed for DL60 in females. The ankle, knee, and hip angular displacement during landing were significantly increased with drop height increment in both sexes. The knee and hip flexion angular velocities at contact were significantly greater for the 60 cm drop height relative to the 40 cm drop height in males. These sex disparities regarding the lower extremity stiffness and kinematics alterations during drop landing with a drop height increment would predispose females to lower extremity injury.     

通过绿色教育促进国际理解的实践和研究

随着社会的发展，开展“国际理解教育”是学校发展的必然趋势，而将环保教育有意识地与国际理解教育相结合则是上海市第三女子中学目前努力探索的重要课题。在一系列教育活动中，学校以环保课程为依托，以学生环保社团为组织核心，与国际环保组织“Roots ＆ Shoots”、市内各类环保团体形成活动链，积极开展各级各类环保活动，在活动中为学生搭建通向世界的桥梁，加深学生乃至社会对环保的认识。     

The invisible impact of educational research

Although there are policy calls for educational research to discover ‘what works’ and thereby inform decision making directly, the research literature argues instead for research to have a ‘conceptual’ impact on practice. Empirical studies also suggest that, when teachers use research, their use is conceptual; research influences the content and the process of their thinking, changing attitudes and perceptions and making educational decision making more intelligent. This study investigates the ways in which educational research has achieved impact on practice from the perspective of the researchers. A sample of highly-rated impact case studies in the UK’s research assessment exercise (REF2014) were subject to content analysis, using qualitative coding techniques. Analysis shows that most research is ‘invisible’ to education practitioners because it is embedded in educational policies, technologies, and services. This ‘invisible use’ is unlikely to realise the conceptual benefits claimed for research utilisation. If educational research is to make educational decision making more intelligent at its point of use, it will be necessary to re-think current notions of quality in research impact.