Static and dynamic accuracy of a magnetic-inertial measurement unit used to provide racket swing kinematics

Magnetic-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) are becoming more prevalent in sports biomechanics and may be a viable tool to evaluate kinematic parameters. This study examined the accuracy of a MIMU to estimate orientation angles under static conditions and dynamically from a squash racket during a forehand drive shot. A MIMU was mounted onto a goniometer and moved through 0–90°, with static data collected at 10° increments during 10 repetitions of all three axes. Typical error analyses showed the MIMU to be very reliable (TE ≤ 0.03°). MIMU accuracy was determined via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (r > 0.999, p < 0.001). An ordinary least products regression showed no proportional bias and minimal fixed bias for all axes. Dynamic accuracy was assessed by comparing MIMU and optical motion capture data of squash racket swing kinematics. A MIMU was fixed onto a racket and 10 participants each hit 10 forehand shots. Mean orientation angle error at ball impact was <0.50° and ICC showed very high correlations (r ≥ 0.988, p < 0.001) for all orientations. Swing phase root mean squared errors were ≤2.20°. These results indicate that a MIMU could be used to accurately and reliably estimate selected racket swing kinematics.     

The dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point (DCRe): introducing relative and absolute reliability scores

Analytical methods to assess thigh muscle balance need to provide reliable data to allow meaningful interpretation. However, reproducibility of the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point has not been evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare relative and absolute reliability indices of its angle and moment values with conventional and functional hamstring–quadriceps ratios. Furthermore, effects of familiarisation and angular velocity on reproducibility were analysed. A number of 33 male volunteers participated in 3 identical test sessions. Peak moments (PMs) were determined unilaterally during maximum concentric and eccentric knee flexion (prone) and extension (supine position) at 0.53, 1.57 and 2.62 rad · s^–1. A repeated measure, ANOVA, confirmed systematic bias. Intra-class correlation coefficients and standard errors of measurement indicated relative and absolute reliability. Correlation coefficients were averaged over respective factors and tested for significant differences. All balance scores showed comparable low-to-moderate relative (<0.8–0.9) and good absolute reliability (<10%). Relative reproducibility of dynamic control equilibrium parameters augmented with increasing angular velocity, but not with familiarisation. At 2.62 rad · s^–1, high (moment: 0.906) to moderate (angle: 0.833) relative reliability scores with accordingly high absolute indices (4.9% and 6.4%) became apparent. Thus, the dynamic control equilibrium is an equivalent method for the reliable assessment of thigh muscle balance.     

覆盖船位的概率相等的误差图形面积的比较

分析了覆盖船位的概率相等的误差四边形、椭圆和圆的面积大小问题,并得到结论：（１）误差椭圆的面积为最小;（２）当两条船位线的精度比λ＝Ｅ１Ｅ２＝１．０～１．２５,交角θ＝８０°～９０°及λ＝１．０～１．１,θ＝７５°～９０°时,误差四边形的面积为最大,而误差椭圆的面积为圆的９８．９％～１００％。因此,建议这时用标准误差圆评定船位精度,船位在该圆内的概率Ｐ≈６３．５％。在其余场合,误差圆的面积为最大,而误差椭圆面积为四边形的９６．８％～９９．２％。因此,建议这时用标准误差四边形评定船位精度,船位在其内的概率Ｐ＝４６．６％。从而修正了在文献［１］～［４］中的“误差四边形的面积为最大”和文献［５］中的“误差圆的面积为最大的”不正确的论断。     

BONAGE超声骨龄测试和X光拍摄两种骨龄检测方法的比较研究

通过判读手掌和手腕骨的X光成像图片来评价青少年骨龄是体育和医学界一直使用的传统方法,长期的实践应用已证明它是行之有效的。但为变革其固有的缺陷对新的评价方法的探索一直没有停止,其中以色列阳光公司研制的BoneAge超声骨龄检测仪利用定量超声原理来评价骨龄,已批量投入市场且已为国内部分省市的体育部门所采用。研究目的:对BoneAge超声检测方法和传统X光拍摄方法进行方法学比较分析,检验新方法的准确性和有效性,以维护骨龄检测的权威性和科学性。研究对象:5-17岁男女青少年322名。研究方法:(1)超声骨龄仪的可重复性试验(实验对象93名);(2)X光片判读结果与超声检测结果的比较。对223名男女青少年拍摄手掌(腕)骨进行X光拍摄后随即使用BonAge超声骨龄检测仪对同批对象进行手腕部超声扫描。将超声骨龄结果与两位专家对X光片盲式读片结果的平均值进行比较分析。研究结果:(1)对超声骨龄仪的可重复性实验结果表明,两次测试的骨龄均值无显著性差异且呈高度相关,提示该仪器总体稳定性良好;(2)对超声骨龄结果与X光骨龄均值比较的显示,无论是区分年龄段还是性别,两种评定结果之间均有较大的系统误差和随机误差,且这种误差随年龄段的增大而有所加大;对年龄段较高的人群,超声检测结果更易高估对象的骨发育程度;单因变量多因素方差分析表明,骨龄评价结果主要受到评定方法和年龄段因素的影响,而与性别因素关系不大;对超声骨龄和X光骨龄的相关程度和直线回归分析表明,尽管总体人群的两种评价结果存在高度相关,直线回归效果较好,但引入年龄段因素后,相关程度明显降低,回归效果较差,提示这两种方法之间不能相互替代。     

MATLAB在控制系统稳态误差分析中的应用

本文分析说明了如何利用MATLAB实现控制系统稳态误差的计算及稳态误差曲线的绘制,并通过一个控制系统实例做了详细介绍。     

Errors in Junior English Writing:Resources and Strategies

The research on the common errors in junior English writings reflects the categories of errors, resources of errors, and how to do with errors in effective ways. Errors are divided into two types:intra...     

论文学翻译加注

随着文化翻译论的兴起,翻译加注的处理方式日益为人推崇。勿庸置疑,对于文化交流而言,翻译加注是一种重要的手段。然而该手段并非没有局限性,而且文学翻译并不是非要处处体现文化,多数情况下,信息传递重于文化传播。因此加注要客观合理,不为加注而加注。结合翻译理论与实践,本文提出了＂尽可能不加注＂的观点。     

大学教改与大学教材——以中文专业几部教材为例

文章从文字编辑、论述是否全面、编者表述等几个方面具体分析了《文学理论教程（修订二版）》中存在的问题,希望编者再进行修改时,予以考虑。在此基础上,文章又兼谈了其他几部中文专业教材存在的问题,希望大学教师在为学生选教材时要慎之又慎。     

高校定位存在的误区及其原因探析

高校准确、合理定位对高校生存与发展意义重大。高校定位存在着主体地位缺失、没有体现需求导向、不注意传播、没有得到全体教职员工的认可、缺乏差异性等误区。误区出现的深层次原因与高等教育宏观管理体制、高校管理体制与制度、传统社会文化的消极因素有关。     

佟培基《孟浩然诗集笺注》志疑

从“人物笺注商榷”、“作品编年辨误”、“地名误注订正”三个方面,对上海古籍出版社版佟培基《孟浩然诗集笺注》中所存在的若干问题,进行了具体考辨。