西方国家教师学习研究动态及其启示

西方国家教师学习研究自20世纪80年代后发生的变化主要表现在对教师学习的重视与定位，学习目标、内容、方式、研究方法更为具体、细腻，关注课堂实践的有效性以及教师专业发展。从西方国家教师学习研究的趋势看，许多国家着重探讨教师学会教学、学会反思和学会为师等基本问题，力求说明教师学习与教师专业成长的关系。     

Reading and summarizing challenging texts in first and second languages

The thinking processes of 14 adult Anglophone students of French performing challenging reading and summarizing tasks were compared in their first and second languages. Individuals proved to use equivalent proportions of higher-order problem solving strategies while writing and reading in both languages. These varied with people's levels of literate expertise in their mother tongue, correlating with the qualities of written summaries they produced in both languages. Uses of these problem solving strategies appeared unrelated to participants' levels (beginning and intermediate) of second language proficiency. Analyses of the verbal reports reveal thinking processes which are common to reading and summary writing in first and second languages but which appear to vary with people's literate expertise and relevant knowledge. Findings are interpreted in relation to Cummins' (1984) theories of the cross-linguistic interdependence of cognitive-academic skills and Van Dijk and Kintsch's (1983) model of discourse comprehension. Implications are drawn for theories of bilingual cognition, further research, and instruction in second language reading and writing.     

司法鉴定本质属性的探讨

对司法鉴定的本质属性的认识,决定了其具体制度的建设。在对“司法”二字的不同层次理解下,司法鉴定也有不同层次的涵义。司法鉴定的本质属性取决于委托机关的性质,及委托主体所要遵循的程序,应同时兼顾其自然属性、社会属性。因此司法鉴定的本质属性在于其手段性、工具性。     

科学、民主与专家意见--费耶阿本德对科学霸权的社会学批判

费耶阿本德认为,民主判定高于专家的意见,因为“科学的优势威胁了民主”,还因为从事科学研究的专家既有限,也无知.民主让多数公民参与,有助于克服少数专家的局限性.     

专家操作的转化研究综述

专家操作的转化研究是将领域内专家的超级操作带入实验室,在实验条件下再现日常生活中自然获得的高超技艺以探索专长获得内在机制的一种研究方法。专家操作的转化研究方法为研究专长提供了一种可行性框架。本文对转化研究的兴起、专家操作转化研究的界定及必要性、转化的实现与拓展等进行综述。     

高中数学教师专业素养现状的调查与分析

文章从高中数学教师应具备的专业素养:专业情意素养、专业观念素养、专业知识素养、专业技能素养、专业科学素养、专业思想素养等六个方面对福建省高中数学教师专业素养现状进行了一系列的调查与分析.     

新生代乡村教师适应性教学专长的式微及其消解路径

适应性教学专长是乡村教师从事乡村教育必备的专业素养,但新生代乡村教师在全科教学、小班化教学、留守儿童教育及乡土文化方面却存在着适应性教学专长的式微。要改变新生代乡村教师适应性教学专长式微的状况,就要加大适应性教学专长的职前培养力度,加大适应性教学专长的考核力度,加强适应性教学专长的职后培训力度,以及加强适应性教学专长的实践反思。     

Effects of In-video Questions and Feedback on Learning Performance

The eye-tracking technology was used in this study to investigate the effects of embedded questions and feedback in instructional videos on learning performance and attention allocation and whether an expertise reversal effect existed. The experiment involved 49 learners with high-level prior knowledge and 45 ones with low-level prior knowledge from a university. Meanwhile, they learned instructional videos with no embedded feedback, embedded questions without feedback and embedded questions with feedback. Findings from the experiment showed that the instructional videos with embedded questions but without feedback not only improved the participants’ attention but also enhanced their learning performance. Furthermore, there was an expertise reversal effect on the learning performance whereby instructional videos with embedded questions but without feedback improved the learning performance of learners with low-level prior knowledge, but not those with high-level prior knowledge.     

Cognitive Transformations and Extended Expertise

Abstract

Expertise is extended by becoming immersed in cultural practices. We look at an example of mathematical expertise in which immersion in cognitive practices results in the transformation of expert performance.     

The impact of complexity on the expertise reversal effect: experimental evidence from testing accounting students

Element interactivity is a central concept of cognitive load theory that defines the complexity of a learning task. The reduction of task complexity through a temporary segmentation or isolation of interacting elements was investigated with 104 students randomly assigned to an interacting elements group, where participants were required to deal with complex accounting problems in their entirety, or an isolated elements group, where the task was broken down into constituent components. The results provide strong support for the expertise reversal effect with isolated elements beneficial for novices, while interacting elements were appropriate for more knowledgeable learners. Critically, these results only were obtained for high rather than low element interactivity materials. It was concluded that segmentation or element isolation should consider the expertise of the learner in conjunction with the complexity of the learning material.