Visually focusing on the far versus the near target during the putting stroke

Abstract

The purpose was to evaluate the traditional method, of visually focusing on the ball, in comparison to focusing on the hole, during the putting stroke. The study design consisted of a pretest, a 4-week practice period, and a posttest. Participants (n = 31, handicap: 18.7 ± 10.4) practised using only one of the two gaze techniques. Testing consisted of having all participants putt using both gaze techniques from both a 1.22 m and a 4 m distance. Five putts were executed for each gaze technique/putt length combination for a total of 20 putts in each testing session per participant. The kinematics of every putting stroke executed during testing (1240 strokes) were captured using a TOMI® system. There was a significant improvement in putting success for both groups following practice (P = 0.001). Practising while visually focusing on the hole, resulted in a statistically significant reduction in putter speed variability in comparison to practising while visually focusing on the ball (P = 0.017). Visually focusing on the hole did not meaningfully (nor statistically) affect the quality of impact as assessed by the variability in face angle, stroke path, and impact spot at the precise moment the putter head contacted the ball.     

Predicting Future Trends in Adult Fitness Using the Delphi Approach

Abstract

This study determined how experts see the future of adult fitness by using the Delphi Technique as a measurement tool. Experts (n = 50), all Fellows of the American College of Sports Medicine, were selected on the basis of their reputations in adult fitness. Three questionnaires were submitted to the panel. In the first questionnaire each expert listed five or more events, trends, or developments they thought would take place and five or more events they would like to see take place in the next 25 years. From the events and trends listed on this questionnaire, 100 items were generated that formed the basis for the last two questionnaires. Responses to the items on the second questionnaire were evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale for probability and desirability. In the third questionnaire, group means and standard deviations were calculated and recorded for each item. Only those items which were significantly (p < .01) higher than 3.0, the average probability or desirability response on the Likert scale, were included in the analysis. The items were divided into seven categories: fitness in sport and recreation, fitness and wellness, fitness in industry, fitness in education, fitness in business, research in fitness, and fitness equipment and facilities. The highest single mean for any item for both probability (M = 4.31) and desirability (M = 4.83) was increased awareness of health and fitness among the elderly.     

Variability in Measurement of Swimming Forces

An analysis was conducted to identify sources of true and error variance in measuring swimming drag force to draw valid conclusions about performance factor effects. Passive drag studies were grouped according to methodological differences: tow line in pool, tow line in flume, and carriage in tow tank. Active drag studies were grouped according to the theoretical basis: added and/or subtracted drag (AAS), added drag with equal power assumption (AAE), and no added drag (ANA). Data from 36 studies were examined using frequency distributions and meta-analytic procedures. It was concluded that two active methods (AAE and ANA) had sources of systematic error and that one active method (AAS) measured an effect that was different from that measured by passive methods. Consistency in drag coefficient (Cd) values across all three passive methods made it possible to determine the effects of performance factors.     

从主要技术指标看我国女排的现状

本文通过对发球、一传、扣球、拦网等项技术指标的统计，在主要技术上对我国女排的现状与其鼎盛时期进行了比较分析，剖析了我国女排当前技术上存在的主要问题，并据此提出改进的对策和建议。     

Biomechanics of the ski cross start indoors on a customised training ramp and outdoors on snow

An effective start enhances an athlete's chances of success in ski cross competitions. Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the biomechanics of start techniques used by elite athletes and assess the influence of different start environments. Seven elite ski cross athletes performed starts indoors on a custom-built ramp; six of these also performed starts on an outdoor slope. Horizontal and vertical forces were measured by force transducers located in the handles of the start gate and a 12-camera motion capture system allowed monitoring of the sagittal knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow kinematics. The starting movement involved Pre, Pull, and Push phases. Significant differences between body sides were observed for peak vertical and resultant forces, resultant impulse, and peak angular velocity of the shoulder joint. Significantly lower peak vertical forces (44 N), higher resultant impulse (0.114 Ns/kg), and knee joint range of motion (12°) were observed indoors. Although movement in the ski cross start is generally symmetrical, asymmetric patterns of force were observed among the athletes. Two different movement strategies, i.e. pronounced hip extension or more accentuated elbow flexion, were utilised in the Pull phase. The patterns of force and movement during the indoor and outdoor starts were similar.     

认知训练法在格斗擒敌动作技术教学中的应用研究

认知训练法在运动训练中应用较为广泛，它通过表象或思维、言语指导等方法，尽可能地发挥训练的与运动项目相适应、涉及的多方面感觉，使心理活动参与动作技能的形成过程，加快了训练运动技术的掌握，提高了训练的训练效益。应用认知训练法对格斗擒敌技术动作的教学训练效果进行对比研究，发现认知训练法在格斗技能形成中具有较为明显的训练效益。     

计算机技术对体育技术动作特征模型的研究与应用

为了使体育动作规范化 ,提高运动水平 ,运用计算机图像处理和多媒体数据库技术对体育技术动作特征进行量化 ,并建立了动作特征模型 ,同时对该动作模型的特点及其实际应用进行了分析与介绍 ,为体育教学和科学训练提供了科学依据和动作范例。     

高水平女子乒乓球运动员直拍长胶倒拍打法技战术及培养模式的研究

采用文献资料、调查访问、观察统计、数理统计、对比分析等研究方法,对陈晴在高水平比赛中的发球、接发球、发球抢攻和得、失分模式进行研究,找出培养和改进此种打法的方法,为我国乒乓球运动长盛不衰提供理论参考依据。     

“自我”与“他者“的焦虑表达与精神追求——残雪的新作《家园》叙事解读

残雪新作《家园》有三个解读层面：丰富意蕴的叙事符号,以此探讨小说的“自我”灵魂归宿的永恒追求主题。转换式聚焦的叙事焦点、双重时空维度的叙事结构、与“他者”内心的焦虑表达以及个体对精神家园.     

小轮车竞速运动的特点及发展对策

简要分析小轮车竞速项目的特点和技术要求,介绍了小轮车运动的发展历史和现状,并针对我国小轮车运动发展晚等现实,从普及该项运动路径、改进训练方法、提升实战能力和壮大人才队伍等方面提出指导性发展对策。