一个重要的概率不等式及其应用

我们通过对随机变量X的分类和r的不同取值分别比较矩EXr和EXr-2的大小,同时指出可以利用这些结果解决其他的数学问题。     

Gender and research publishing in India: Uniformly high inequality?

Women’s access to academic careers has been historically limited by discrimination and cultural constraints. Comprehensive information about gender inequality within disciplines is needed to understand the problem and target remedial action. India is the fifth largest research producer but has a low international index of gender inequality and so is an important case. This study assesses gender inequalities in Indian journal article publishing in 2017 for 186 research fields. It also seeks overall gender differences in interests across academia by comparing the terms used in 27,710 articles with an Indian male or female first author. The data show that there are at least 1.5 male first authors per female first author in each of 26 broad fields and 2.8 male first authors per female first author overall. Compared to the USA, India has a much lower share of female first authors but smaller variations in gender differences between broad fields. Dentistry, Economics and Maths are all more female in India, but Veterinary is much less female than in the USA. There is a tendency for males to research thing-oriented topics and for females to research helping people and some life science topics. More initiatives to promote gender equality in science are needed to address the overall imbalance, but care should be taken to avoid creating the larger between-field gender differences found in the USA.     

The impact of COVID-19 on A Level exams in England: Students as consumers

The recent global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic created significant challenges for society, not least for education. England went into lockdown in March 2020; following this, A Level exams were cancelled and the Department for Education announced that results were to be determined by teacher-assessed grades. This paper draws upon research conducted during this time with A Level students. It is based on a total of 53 Skype interviews with students who had their A Level exams cancelled, most of whom had ambitions to start university in September 2020. A number of striking findings emerged from the study. Students were well-informed about the changes to the A Level exam assessment and the impact structural inequalities were likely to have on assessed grades. White students and those from independent fee-paying schools were consistently more satisfied with the measures put in place to assess their grades compared to students from Black and minority ethnic backgrounds. However, all students—regardless of their background—identified patterns of unfairness which were based on structural inequalities. We conclude that these findings point to students adopting some of the attributes of the ‘student as consumer’, not by concentrating on choices associated with free market economies such as ‘good value’, but rather by identifying more ethical ‘values’ within education.     

一个迭代序列的不动点问题变分不等式问题及平衡问题

应用非扩张映射的黏性逼近方法,在Hilbert空间中建立了一种新的求解平衡问题非扩张映射的不动点问题及变分不等式问题的公共解的迭代算法,且在参数满足一定条件下给出由该迭代算法生成的迭代序列的强收敛定理.     

区间广义系统的θ_∞鲁棒控制

首先讨论了非受限区间广义系统的容许性问题 ,用广义 Riccati不等式给出该系统容许的充要条件 ;再讨论了区间广义系统的鲁棒控制问题 ,并且用广义 Riccati不等式给出状态反馈下的闭环系统容许且传递函数矩阵的 H∞ 范数小于给定的正常数γ的充分条件 ,最后用数字例子来验证此方法的有效性     

Ahead of the pack? Explaining the unequal distribution of scholarships in Germany

This article investigates to what extent scholarships are unequally distributed among students in Germany and how these inequalities can be explained. Following sociological theory, the article argues that elites seek qualitative ways of distinguishing themselves in a mass higher education system. Using student surveys, we demonstrate that class effects cannot merely be explained with reference to class differences in academic achievement but that higher classes have better access to scholarships independent of earlier school performance. Class differences were particularly persistent when the intermediate classes were compared with higher classes with more education. These findings illustrate that social classes have different strategies when it comes to participating in higher education and suggest that information about and access to scholarships is important in gaining a class advantage.     

The operation of grade retention and educational inequality: who gets retained in Macao and why?

While the existence of a class, gender, or ethnic gap in educational attainment is well documented for many societies, how the practice of grade retention contributes to these patterns of educational inequality has been inadequately addressed. Given that grade retention is commonly practised in Macao, Macao is used as a case for illustration. Using data from PISA 2009 and a qualitative research project, we seek to demonstrate how inadequate state regulation could make possible the manipulation of grade retention institutionally and individually in Macao. This, in turn, illustrates how the specific contextualized structural operation of grade retention could serve as a mechanism for social differentiation and thus play a role in contributing to the observed educational inequality.     

Schooling,masculinity and class analysis: towards an aesthetic of subjectivities

The retreat from social class within the sociology of education has been accompanied by the intensification of socio-economic and cultural inequalities. This paper seeks to draw upon cultural analyses of social class by addressing a classificatory shift of white English working-class males, who have moved from an ascribed primary socio-economic status to an embodied aesthetic performance. We examine the reconfiguration of social class within state schools and historical and contemporary shifting images of white working-class males within the education literature. We suggest the need to engage with a multi-dimensional explanatory frame in order to understand how working-class young men now inhabit a new cultural condition in the post-colonial urban space of inner-city schools. This shift is best captured by exploring the simultaneous articulations of multiple categories of difference – including class, gender, ethnicity, sexuality and generation – in relation to contemporary representations of social class.     

关于(h,m)-凸函数乘积的Hadamard-型不等式及应用

建立一些关于（h,m）-凸函数乘积的新Hadamard-型不等式,得到的结果是对通常凸性、第2种意义下的s-凸性、m-凸性、h-凸性意义下的Hadamard-型不等式的推广.     

对外开放、贸易商品结构与中国城乡收入差距——基于省际面板数据的实证分析

本文描述了1995年以来我国各地区贸易开放度、贸易商品结构与城乡收入差距的变化趋势,依据新经济地理理论及扩展的H-O理论提出了贸易商品结构变化影响城乡收入差距的相关假说,并进行了实证检验。研究结果表明:(1)从全国范围以及分地区来看,贸易开放度的扩大和制成品贸易比重的上升均有利于城乡收入差距的缩小;(2)外资的流入促进了制造业的发展和制成品贸易比重的上升,各省份外资依存度的提高对城乡收入差距具有缓和作用,但统计上不显著;(3)当前劳动力的不充分流动、各省份海外市场接近度的差异等仍是制造业空间布局扩散和城乡收入差距缩小的不利因素。因此,在进一步扩大对外开放的基础上,促进劳动力、资本等要素跨区域充分流动,优化各地区的产业结构和贸易商品结构,对缩小城乡收入差距具有积极作用。