关于解决"三农"问题的几点思考

"三农"问题事关全面建设小康社会的全局.列举了"三农"问题的现状,分析了产生"三农"问题的原因,提出了解决"三农"问题的具体措施.     

元代山西地区的农业发展

有史以来，山西地区就是中原汉地农业生产发展较早的地区之一。对于河东山西的农业生产，元统治较为重视。随着元朝在北方统治的逐步稳定与人口增加，山西地区的农业生产获得较好的恢复发展，不仅基本满足当地的日常需要，还对大漠南北的军需民用提供过大批食粮。     

Do farm advisory services improve adoption of rural development policies? An empirical analysis in GI areas

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to evaluate how advisory services stimulate the adoption of rural development policies (RDP) aiming at value creation.

Design/methodology/approach: By linking the use of agricultural extension services (AES) to policies for value creation, we will put forward an empirical analysis in Italy, with the aim of evaluating the capability of AES in bringing about higher access to rural policies for value creation in geographical indications (GI) contexts.

Findings: Results of our analyses evidence, on the one side, higher capability of funds attraction in GI areas. On the other side, path dependency schemes in accessing RDP are evident. Higher rates of access with the support of advisory services emerge, but only in traditional measure to fund farms’ investments. On the contrary, the use of AES does not facilitate access to other measures for value creation.

Practical implications: Our hypothesis is that AES include the support towards farm strategies of development through the adoption of RDP aiming at value creation in GI areas. Our analysis presents practical implications, in terms of a clear need for upgrading and broadening AES’ competencies in the field of projecting farm development and knowledge transfer in the field of funds to be obtained by RDP.

Theoretical implications: From a theoretical point of view, the paper may provide a contribution to theoretical debate by offering new insights into the role of advisory services in stimulating innovations and access to support policies.

Originality/value: This paper tries to fill a gap in the agricultural extension literature. We posit that the role of AES should comprehend a deeper knowledge (and knowledge transfer) concerning the opportunities provided by RDP.     

农业产业化--西部农业的理性选择

本文首先通过对农业产业化的产生背景及经济学原理进行了分析，然后概述了西部农业的现状，指出它所面临的严峻困境；说明农业产业化不但适合东部发达地区，也适合于西部地区，最后结合西部的一般情况，谈了几点西部农业产业化的建议。     

人性化教育还是克隆人养殖——《别让我走》中海尔森教育体制失败原因解析

石黑一雄小说《别让我走》中的克隆人培育机构海尔森是叙述者的回忆焦点,也是评论者分析的热点。小说中机构负责人解释了海尔森的关闭原因——受到大众关注与反对,但这并非其失败的根本原因。本文认为海尔森披着"人性化"的外衣,却以"非人道"的方式对待学生;将学生的灵魂与肉体二元对立,使其思维意识的发展囿于待宰割的身体,冷漠地在学生中造成对不存在的未来无望的期待和困惑。文章揭示出"人性化"的教育目的和"非人道"的操控手段之间、培养克隆人的灵魂与提供器官移植的供体之间的悖论性,才是其失败的真正原因。     

南宋沿边屯田的原因及其作用

南宋时期，为了佐助军费，足兵足食，巩固边防，在沿边川陕、荆襄、两准地区组织招募士兵和流民大力经营屯田、营田事务。沿边屯田营田的推广，起到了充实边备，巩固边防的积极作用，从而确保了南宋偏安的形势，同时对沿边地区农业经济的发展也产生了相应的促进作用。     

地理环境对中国古代历史的影响

地理环境对中国古代历史有着极其重要的影响。中国古代历史的发展是独立的，而又没有完全封闭对外交流，对外交流并没有也不可能改变中国历史文化的基本特征，只能使中国历史文化更加丰富多彩；农耕文化和游牧文化的冲突与融合，两者之间的经济文化交流和民族融合是主要的，中国的历史文化是在不断吸收新的成分而发展壮大起来的；地主阶级与农民阶级的矛盾尖锐，水旱灾害的频繁使封建社会的这一基本矛盾更加激化，从而推动中国古代历史的不断进步。     

豫东农区外来入侵植物及其防控

豫东农区外来入侵植物共计26种,隶属于14科23属,全部为草本,大部分原产美洲和欧洲.它们通过多种途径传入本地,但多数是伴随人类活动而来,其自身强大的繁殖能力、生态适应能力和传播能力以及本地自然环境条件的适宜性等使其能够在本地区自然繁衍和扩散而最终成为侵入者.外来入侵植物给本区的农业生产和生态环境带来了一定的危害.危害较大的种类是皱果苋、反枝苋、刺苋、杂配藜、臭荠、王不留行、小白酒草、野塘蒿和牛筋草等.在采用多种措施进行防控的同时,还应注意积极利用.     

对内蒙古自治区开荒与退耕政策的历史考察

过度垦殖是内蒙古沙化的直接原因之一,但不是深层原因。沙化的深层原因是制约人们活动的政策。在内蒙古自治区五十余年的历史上,或开荒,或退耕,不同时期执行了不同的开荒政策。1947年5月—1952年7月,实施奖励垦荒政策;1952年8月—1955年底,实施禁止开荒政策;1956年初—1976年底,在有条件开荒与无条件开荒政策间摇摆;1977年以后,实施禁止开荒政策。只有弄清内蒙古自治区历史上的垦殖政策及其成因,才能对症下药,制定出科学合理的沙化治理方案,也有利于深化人们对目前实施的“退耕还林、退耕还牧”政策的认识,避免政策反复。     

Influence of voluntary coffee certifications on cooperatives’ advisory services and agricultural practices of smallholder farmers in Costa Rica

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This article explores how voluntary certifications influence the way cooperatives provide advisory services to their members and the influence of these services on agricultural practices. Design/Methodology/Approach: Case studies were conducted in four representative Costa Rican cooperatives interviewing twenty interviewed cooperative administrators and members to determine changes in advisory services and farming practices over the past twenty years and factors which influenced those changes. Findings: Certifications induce cooperatives to offer new services to support farmers. Cooperatives form collaborations with new stakeholders or reconfigure existing collaborations to provide advisory services to their members. These services have helped to shape farmers’ attitudes about sustainable farming practices, though farm-level changes may be small. The main change at the cooperative level is adding new topics for group training, and certification issues are directly linked with practices such as maintaining a farm record book or wearing a mask when applying pesticides. Practices which compete with productivity are unlikely to change. Practical Implications: The results are useful to improve the advisory services provided by cooperatives by better identifying the key issues to be addressed to fulfill the certifications’ requirements. Theoretical implications: Cooperatives are a relevant player to induce more sustainable practices, by providing or coordinating advisory services, but their efforts cannot be seen disconnected from a broader institutional environment. Originality/Value: We demonstrate that certifications change the intensity and scope of advisory services and induce cooperatives to engage with a more diverse network of stakeholders.