Characterizing teacher attention to student thinking: A role for epistemological messages

Although research and policy suggest science and mathematics teachers should attend to their student's thinking during instruction, our field has inadequately defined what that means in relation to our ultimate goals for the practice. Here I present a theoretical argument that, in making their definitions, researchers should leverage the ways students understand such attention by characterizing teacher attention based on the epistemological messages it sends students about the nature of knowledge and learning in the classroom. Using data collected from high school science and mathematics teachers with a new video‐capture methodology, I present an analysis of variability in epistemological messages of teacher attention to illustrate work could unfold if we as researchers took up the theoretical claims made in this work. In doing so, I endeavor to draw the construct of epistemological messages into our collective conversations about teacher attention, and provide a starting point for our field to begin debating the most productive ways to study and unpack the epistemological messages we value in that teacher attention. I conclude by demonstrating the feasibility of using these messages to distinguish the types of teacher attention our field wants to develop and encourage in teacher education. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 55: 94–120, 2018     

公共性的追求与辩护--西方知识论范式转换的反思

如果把西方知识论范式划分为实体性知识论、主体性知识论和准人类学知识论，那么我们就可以把马克思主义实践认识论称为人类学知识论范式。只有它实现了对西方知识论范式的真正超越。由于知识论范式对知识论的致思理路起着至关重要的作用，西方知识论又是西方哲学和化的奠基。因此，理解、反思西方知识论范式有着十分重要的意义，尤其在当今的知识经济时代。     

Critical allies and feminist praxis: rethinking dis-ease

In Australian universities, non-Indigenous educators teaching Indigenous studies and/or Indigenous content must engage critically with anti-colonialism, not simply as lip service to syllabus content, but also, as an ethical consideration whereby consultation and collaboration with Indigenous scholars must necessarily direct praxis. Such an engagement might be referred to as a ‘critical alliance’: an engagement with Others about whom we are speaking that forms the basis for an ethical relationship. A ‘critical alliance’ with Others seeks always to undermine the colonial relations of power that discursively position both Indigenous and non-Indigenous subjects. This paper explores what such an alliance might ‘look like’ as a feminist practice, what will sustain it or give it substance so it can be a productive contribution to a more socially just pedagogy that gives emphasis to Indigenous struggles and Indigenous knowledge.     

建构主义知识观对教学的影响

建构主义知识观是知识社会学与认知心理学相结合的产物。建构主义知识观包括四个基本的原则,即主动性原则、协作性原则、适应性原则和发展性原则。建构主义知识观在知识的性质、教学的对象、教材的地位、教室的作用、教学的方式、学习的情境、师生的关系、教学的评估等方面,对教学产生了深远的影响。     

Worthwhile work? Childcare,feminist ethics and cooperative research practices

Interdisciplinary research collaborations are often encouraged within higher education while the practicalities of such collaborations are glossed over. This project specifically addresses the praxis of research collaborations, exploring how feminist academics within different countries and disciplines came together to explore their mutual concern about the perceived worth and well-being of early childhood practitioners. Engaging in a formal methodological dialogue over eight months, seven academics discussed, analysed and dissected their different investments in research methods and intents, with the aim of agreeing to a common methodological framework. Unexpectedly, what emerged was not a product, but a process. We argue that this process offers much to those seeking deep collaboration in and through shared research. Building on a collective research interest, we found ourselves in a process of becoming, germinating the seed of a transnational research cooperative, based on trust and mutual respect, rather than the arid methodological contract originally envisioned.     

西方女性主义理论在中国的传播和影响

西方女性主义理论在中国的传播分为四个阶段,第一阶段是20世纪80年代初,这个阶段是对西方理论的初步介绍,中国理论家的理论作品还处在酝酿准备阶段;第二个阶段是1988、1989年,这个阶段主要是西方经典女性主义作品的译介,而以李小江为代表的中国理论工作者也开始了自己对于中国性别问题的思考;第三阶段从1990-1995年,这个阶段翻译著作数量较少,但有特色、有针对性的文章、讲稿被引入,对女作家和女理论家有较大的启示作用;第四个阶段是从1995年之后,世妇会在中国的召开,世界女性主义资源大量、密集地进入中国,具体表现为译介作品的大量出现;学术界的积极应对;社会性别理论的引入以及本土学者积极的理论构建:他们重新解读女性文学作品,运用西方女性主义理论,联系中国本土的实际,建构妇女自己的文学史和文学经典,并试图构建真正的女性诗学。     

A Taxonomy of Knowledge Types for Use in Curriculum Design

This article proposes the use of a taxonomy to help curriculum planners distinguish between different kinds of knowledge. Nine categories are suggested: empirical, rational, conventional, conceptual, cognitive process skills, psychomotor, affective, narrative, and received. Analyzing lessons into the sources of their resident knowledge helps the teacher proceed in a less dogmatic manner, distinguishing between categories of knowledge based upon where that knowledge originates. This taxonomy facilitates a meta-narrative on the nature of knowledge — how it is discovered, invented, decided upon, and so on — and the form that it takes in human experience and learning.     

Epistemological Beliefs Across Domains Using Biglan's Classification of Academic Disciplines

The purpose of this study was to examine students' beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning, epistemological beliefs, across domains that vary according to Biglan's classification of academic disciplines (hard vs. soft disciplines and pure vs. applied disciplines). One hundred and fifty-two university students completed three questionnaires that assessed their epistemological beliefs about mathematics (hard-pure), the social sciences (also pure), and business (neither hard nor pure). Correlations indicated that students' epistemological beliefs were similar for mathematics and social sciences, as well as for mathematics and business. When the amount of academic experience was taken into account, some evidence of domain specificity was found. These results support Sternberg's caveat that the dichotomy of domain generality/specificity is an assumption that should be questioned. We propose that future researchers should investigate the breadth of applicability of epistemological beliefs.     

‘Knowledge Must Be Contextual’: Some possible implications of complexity and dynamic systems theories for educational research

It is now widely accepted that qualitative and quantitative research traditions, rather than being seen as opposed to or in competition with each other ( ; ) should be used, where appropriate, in some kind of combination (; ). How this combining is to be understood ontologically, and therefore epistemologically, however, is not always clear. Rather than endlessly discussing the relationship between different approaches, this paper explores some of the assumptions of the ontologies that underpin such apparent differences, arguing that approaches which declare themselves to be distinct theoretically are often surprisingly similar methodologically. It is argued that dominant ontologies and epistemologies struggle with the conceptualisation and representation of particularity, difference, process, interactions through time, multiple and de‐centred forms of causation, and dynamic structure. Complexity/dynamic systems theory is then introduced and examined for its potential to offer the basis of a different kind of ontology: one which is able not only to accommodate these things, but which is itself based upon them. In conclusion, the implications of this perspective are discussed in relation to the problems that have been identified, particularly in relation to the conceptualisation of ‘context’.     

弥曼差派的无神论和认识论思想中体现出的复杂性观念

古代印度哲学的后期弥曼差派的无神论思想中深刻体现着字宙、宇宙事物无目的、自创生、自组织演化的生成论、过程论的复杂性思想。在认识发生的机制上，后期弥曼差派认为现量的产生是在对象、对象特性、感官、意与我等多重因素的相互作用中产生出来的．这是一种多因素、多中介相互作用、综合建构的信息中介论、多元和合论、整体涌现生成论的复杂性观点。