Identity policies of education: struggles for inclusion and exclusion in Peru and Colombia

ABSTRACT

Policy initiatives that seek to account for ethno-cultural differences in education and schooling have become increasingly popular over the past few decades. These include affirmative action measures and bilingual education models. The rationale for the implementation of these policies focuses on their potential to rectify historical discrimination by both levelling horizontal inequalities and granting equal value to different cultures and languages in the schooling process. In this framework, however, ethnic communities are often treated as discrete and static social aggregates, and social heterogeneity and spillover effects between groups are disregarded. This paper draws on empirical case studies from Colombia and Peru to show how identity policies of education can increase inter-ethnic competition, leading to protracted social conflicts. These outcomes, beyond negatively impacting local communities, raise important dilemmas surrounding the theoretical and operational foundations of these popular policy measures.     

“文化自觉”与教师教育研究的价值选择

长期以来,借鉴或采用西方教师教育研究的理念、经验和做法,已成为我国教师教育研究的基本范式,“文化殖民”现象普遍存在。由此,不仅造成基本国情、民族传统文化、本土教育资源等的“集体遗忘”,还造成研究者在价值选择上思维方式的单一、认识的片面、多元思想的消解。从后殖民主义、本土知识等的研究来看,我国教师教育研究必须要有“主体重建”,克服“民族化”或“西方化”二元对立的思维观念,强调“文化自觉”,摆脱文化帝国主义的束缚,走出一条中国的教师教育研究之路。     

“文化殖民”与中国教育发展战略选择

长期以来,借鉴或采用西方国家教育发展的理念与做法,已成为中国教育发展战略的基本选择。由此,不仅造成基本国情、民族文化、本土教育资源等的"集体遗忘",还造成思维方式的单一、认识的片面、多元思想的消解。从后殖民主义、本土知识的研究来看,中国教育发展战略的选择必须要有明确的"身份确定",克服二元对立的思维模式,摆脱文化殖民主义的束缚,走出一条中国式的教育发展之路。     

英语角情境下交际者身份构建的语用研究

身份对于每个交际主体而言都有着十分重要的意义。为了实现其期望的交际目的,说话人有意识或无意识地保护或牺牲着自己的身份并且对对方的身份体现出一种顺应或不顺应。本文以英语角这一常见的交际场所为背景,观察并分析中国英语学习者和以英语为母语的外教之间以及英语学习者之间交流的过程中交际双方对彼此身份的认同和顺应,并尝试从语言顺应的角度对跨群体交际过程做出解释。希望通过这一研究可以管窥身份和语用之间的关系。     

社会认同:和谐社会构建的社会心理保障

社会认同是社会学和心理学的一个重要研究领域。从纵向上分析,个体的社会认同主要由个体对某一社会群体及其价值观的认知度、理解度、归属感、支持度以及个体对该群体的责任等几个层次构成;从横向上分析,个体的社会认同经历了社会类化、社会比较和积极区分等过程。社会认同研究在很多领域取得了显著的成就,为探索不同社会背景下的社会认同及其有效建构路径提供了方法论、认识论的基础。在构建社会主义和谐社会的进程中,遵循"和而不同"的原则,辩证地运用社会认同理论的有关观点,可以为解决我国和谐社会构建中所出现的一些社会心理问题提供可资借鉴的思路。     

论全球化时代的政治认同

政治认同是政治秩序建构的基础,政治认同的程度决定着政治秩序的稳定性和有效性。认同度高,秩序的稳定性程度就高,有效性就好,否则政策就难以贯彻。因此,探索政治认同心理的构建对稳定政治秩序具有基础性的重要作用。     

Environmental identity formation in nonformal environmental education programs

This paper explores experiences that remained salient in the memories of former participants in three nature-based programs in Colorado, five to forty years after childhood involvement. Interviews with program founders and staff, archival research, and observations of current activities provided an understanding of each program’s history, mission and educational approach. In this context, 18 former participants were interviewed about program experiences that they remembered and program impacts on their environmental identities and academic or career choices. Results were analyzed through the lens of social practice theory, which has significant implications for the design and evaluation of environmental education programs. Results showed that social practice theory is a useful framework for interpreting the development of a social environmental identity, but an ecological identity that forms through direct contact with the natural world is an important complementary concept.     

Learning,literacy and identity: ‘I don’t think I’m a failure any more’

The impact of participation in adult literacy programmes on learners’ identities is examined through an interrogation of their past and current experiences and the assessment of the effect of particular pedagogies. The findings show how learners’ positive experiences in their programmes had caused them to re-evaluate their previous understandings and enabled the construction of new identities as people that are able to learn. These changes had come about through the challenging of negative discourses, the creation of new figured worlds and imagined futures, and the use of a learning curriculum where learners’ experiences were utilized as positive resources.     

"脑死亡"的价值与挑战

脑死亡是由当代科学和医学技术进步给我们带来的一个全新问题，也涉及到复杂的经济、社会、伦理和法律等问题。脑死亡的提出意味着对于生和死的判别由经验转向了科学；凸显了大脑和心脏在人的生命系统和自我认同中的不同地位。在相当长的时期内，对于大多数社会成员来说，脑死亡标准不一定意味着对于心死亡标准的截然取代。而是将与其并存。脑死亡的实施提出了抢救生命的价值、代价和极限问题，将对生命终结标准的选择权和宣判权提出挑战，也将对人们通常的“孝”和“敬”等观念提出挑战。脑死亡的一个重要价值是有利于器官移植，而让生命以此种方式得以延续值得提倡。因此应当以一种更加开放的和进步的心态来积极推进有关脑死亡的立法。     

Does gender matter in computer ethics?

Computer ethics is a relatively young discipline,hence it needs time both for reflection and forexploring alternative ethical standpoints in buildingup its own theoretical framework. Feminist ethics isoffered as one such alternative particularly to informissues of equality and power. We argue that feministethics is not narrowly confined to women's issues but is an approach with wider egalitarianapplications. The rise of feminist ethics in relationto feminist theory in general is described and withinthat the work of Gilligan and others on an ethic of care. We argue for the need to connect theory toempirical evidence. Empirical studies of gender andbusiness and computer ethics are reviewed. We noteconcerns with surveying a student audience, the issueof how far questionnaires and interviews can get tothe heart of ethical beliefs and problems ofperforming statistical analyses of quantitative data.Although we recognize them, our own small surveycannot avoid all these problems. Nevertheless byrefining our scenarios we are able to offer analternative reading of a hacking problem in terms ofan ethic of care thereby pointing a way forward forfuture research in computer ethics inspired byfeminist theory.