中国化肥投入对油菜成本效率的影响

近年来,中国化肥过量投入的现象十分普遍,由此所造成的农业面源污染问题较为突出,此外,化肥滥用不仅增加了农业生产成本投入,而且不利于农民增收,因此,提升农业化肥的使用效率既是农业绿色发展的必要措施,也是促进农民增收的重要途径。本文以油菜为例,探究在油菜生产中如何改善化肥投入结构以及减少化肥投入量。为探究油菜生产中化肥投入对成本效率的影响,首先利用中国10个油菜主产省市1543份大田实验数据,并采用超越对数生产函数模型,测算出油菜产出值最大时的氮肥最佳投入值、磷肥最佳投入值以及钾肥最佳投入值;其次,借用成本效率函数模型估算出中国油菜主产省份的油菜成本效率;最后,基于化肥投入合理性的视角,探讨油菜生产中的成本效率的主要影响因素。实证研究结果表明,油菜生产中化肥投入结构不合理显著降低了油菜成本效率,其中油菜生产中的氮肥过量投入以及钾肥投入不足,对油菜成本效率均有显著负向影响。因此,在今后化肥投入过程中,要加强对农户合理施肥的宣传力度,增加测土配方技术补贴力度,引导化肥企业提供更为科学适用施肥配方。     

设施无公害菜豆平衡施肥技术方案

通过对菜豆营养成分及其植物营养特性的分析,结合近年来菜豆施肥试验结果,提出了设施无公害菜豆平衡施肥技术方案.     

云南大理州烤烟含钾量评价及提高其含量对策

烟叶含钾量的高低是评价优质烟叶的重要指标．统计和分析2003～2008年云南大理州烤烟含钾量的状况,结果表明云南大理州烤烟含钾量总体趋势不高．因此,应以土壤测定数据为依据,合理施用钾肥,采用深施和集中施肥,可提高钾肥利用率,提高烟叶的含钾量,生产出优质烟叶．     

Normal epigenetic inheritance in mice conceived by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

An association between assisted reproductive technology (ART) and neurobehavioral imprinting disorders has been reported in many studies, and it seems that ART may interfere with imprint reprogramming. However, it has never been explored whether epigenetic errors or imprinting disease susceptibility induced by ART can be inherited transgenerationally. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) on transgenerational inheritance in an inbred mouse model. Mice derived from IVF-ET were outcrossed to wild-type C57BL/6J to obtain their female and male line F2 and F3 generations. Their behavior, morphology, histology, and DNA methylation status at several important differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were analyzed by Morris water maze, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and bisulfite genomic sequencing. No significant differences in spatial learning or phenotypic abnormality were found in adults derived from IVF (F1) and female and male line F2 and F3 generations. A borderline trend of hypomethylation was found in H19 DMR CpG island 3 in the female line-derived F3 generation (0.40±0.118, P=0.086). Methylation status in H19/Igf2 DMR island 1, Igf2 DMR, KvDMR, and Snrpn DMR displayed normal patterns. Methylation percentage did not differ significantly from that of adults conceived naturally, and the expression of the genes they regulated was not disturbed. Transgenerational integrity, such as behavior, morphology, histology, and DNA methylation status, was maintained in these generations, which indicates that exposure of female germ cells to hormonal stimulation and gamete manipulation might not affect the individuals and their descendents.     

长期施肥对农田黑土微生物群落的影响

研究不同磷肥处理农田黑土基本理化性质、磷脂脂肪酸、酸（碱）性磷酸酶、微生物量碳或氮等变化规律。结果表明,有机肥-化肥配施明显提高土壤有机质、总氮以及速效氮、磷、钾等养分含量,进而促进微生物量碳、微生物量碳/有机质比值、磷酸酶活力以及各菌群磷脂脂肪酸含量显著增加。长期氮磷钾配施土壤有机质活性严重退化、不利于土壤微生物生长,而单施磷肥或氮磷肥配施对微生物活力与结构影响较小。有机肥处理中单烯不饱和/饱和脂肪酸比值>1,远高于其他化肥处理,可用来指示有机质质量与可用性;而支链/单烯不饱和脂肪酸与单烯不饱和/饱和脂肪酸比值呈极显著负相关,表明G+菌对养分胁迫抗性强于G-菌。磷脂脂肪酸PCA表明,有机肥与化肥处理微生物群落结构显著不同。个别脂肪酸载荷值分析表明,真菌受无机肥施用影响显著;而G+菌更易受有机肥影响。     

板栗的生长与施肥

本文介绍了板栗生长和结果特性,指出了施肥的关键时期。     

外槽轮排肥器肥量控制系统的研究

施肥机肥量控制系统是根据预先设定的程序控制肥料施撒装置的开度或转速,最终控制实际的施肥量,使其不受作业速度以及地形等的影响,满足施肥的农艺要求。本文通过对液压系统控制、直流电机控制和步进电机控制三种肥量控制系统进行比较,液压系统控制成本低,更利于普及和应用,适合在实际中推广应用。     

Iron in the NEEM ice core relative to Asian loess records over the last glacial–interglacial cycle

Mineral dust can indirectly affect the climate by supplying bioavailable iron (Fe) to the ocean. Here, we present the records of dissolved Fe (DFe) and total Fe (TDFe) in North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core over the past 110 kyr BP. The Fe records are significantly negatively correlated with the carbon-dioxide (CO₂) concentrations during cold periods. The results suggest that the changes in Fe fluxes over the past 110 kyr BP in the NEEM ice core are consistent with those in Chinese loess records because the mineral-dust distribution is controlled by the East Asian deserts. Furthermore, the variations in the dust input on a global scale are most likely driven by changes in solar radiation during the last glacial–interglacial cycle in response to Earth''s orbital cycles. In the last glacial–interglacial cycle, the DFe/TDFe ratios were higher during the warm periods (following the post-Industrial Revolution and during the Holocene and last interglacial period) than during the main cold period (i.e. the last glacial maximum (LGM)), indicating that the aeolian input of iron and the iron fertilization effect on the oceans have a non-linear relationship during different periods. Although the burning of biomass aerosols has released large amounts of DFe since the Industrial Revolution, no significant responses are observed in the DFe and TDFe variations during this period, indicating that severe anthropogenic contamination has no significant effect on the DFe (TDFe) release in the NEEM ice core.     

影响体外受精-胚胎移植临床妊娠率因素的探讨

为探讨体外受精－胚胎移植（IVT－ET）过程中影响临床妊娠率的因素，对248个常规IVF－ET周期进行了分析，研究了夫妇年龄、穿刺卵泡数、获取卵母细胞数、卵母细胞成熟卵比率、卵母细胞空卵比率、精液精子质量和数量、授精前孵育时间、授精精子密度、受精率、多原核孕卵生成率、卵裂率、移植胚胎数目、胚胎累积评分及移植过程评分和临床妊娠之间的关系。结果表明，临床妊娠率与母方年龄呈显著性负相关（P＜0．05），与移植胚胎数目、胚胎累积评分和移植过程评分呈显著性正相关（P＜0．05）。说明母方年龄、移植胚胎数目、胚胎累积评分和移植过程评分是影响临床妊娠的重要因素。     

同源四倍体水稻双受精过程的细胞学观察

同源四倍体水稻的双受精比较特殊,花粉粒在其柱头上萌发比较慢,花粉管在花柱内的伸长比较迟缓,双受精延迟。退化胚囊的频率比较高（36．0％）,极核和反足细胞的形态异常,存在着一定频率的胚自发现象,由此认为,同源四倍体水稻的有性生殖能力已以明显变弱。