Promoting cognitive and social aspects of inquiry through classroom discourse

We investigated how Chinese physics teachers structured classroom discourse to support the cognitive and social aspects of inquiry-based science learning. Regarding the cognitive aspect, we examined to what extent the cognitive processes underlying the scientific skills and the disciplinary reasoning behind the content knowledge were taught. Regarding the social aspect, we examined how classroom discourse supported student learning in terms of students' opportunities to talk and interaction patterns. Our participants were 17 physics teachers who were actively engaged in teacher education programs in universities and professional development programs in local school districts. We analyzed one lesson video from each participating teacher. The results suggest both promises and challenges. Regarding the cognitive aspect of inquiry, the teachers in general recognized the importance of teaching the cognitive processes and disciplinary reasoning. However, they were less likely to address common intuitive ideas about science concepts and principles. Regarding the social aspect of inquiry, the teachers frequently interacted with students in class. However, it appeared that facilitating conversations among students and prompting students to talk about their own ideas are challenging. We discuss the implications of these findings for teacher education programs and professional development programs in China.     

常识推理基础逻辑系统M的完全性

对通常的典范模型方法加以改造，在典范结构的基础上，可建立相对于任意给定有穷公式集Г的Г-典范框架和Г-典范模型，以证明M的框架类完全性。Г-典范模型方法是有穷方法。如果Г有穷，得到的典范模型有穷。这不仅可以证明M的完全性，还可证明M的有穷模型性，因此M是可判定的。     

认知语境及其与传统语境的比较

认知语境在传统语境的概念上发展而来。是在研究语境问题时。把人的认知能力和语境结合起来。认知语境把传统语境所包含的内容结构化和认知化。它不但包含了传统语境研究的内容，而且包含语言使用者大脑中所有关于世界的假设以及认知处理能力。形成一个心理建构体，为语用推理提供了一个平台。和传统语境相比。认知语境更清楚、更有说服力地解释了语境对于语篇理解的作用机制。     

苏联“新经济政策”终结的原因及启示——兼与李述森同志商榷

列宁在国内战争胜利后,自觉地把握住了经济文化落后国家如何建设社会主义这一根本问题,努力实现了党的思维方式的伟大转变,对新经济政策问题进行了可贵的实践探索和理论探索。但由于客观历史条件的限制,他只是提出了问题,尚未完全解决问题,历史要求其后继者沿着其思路走下去。斯大林在国内战争胜利后,却未能自觉适应党所解决问题的变化,仍以处理革命问题的思维方式来处理社会主义建设问题,使其得出的理论与新经济政策的实践形成了巨大的反差,于是便终结了它。这启示我们在社会主义建设过程中,必须把握好实践、理论与其思维方式的内在关联,自觉做到实践创新和理论创新的统一。     

中学生推理能力的培养

不同年级的中学生的推理能力具有不同特点。良好的思维环境是中学生正确思维和发现问题的桥梁 ,因此在教学过程中 ,要创设有利于推理能力培养的思维环境。     

Recovering the role of reasoning in moral education to address inequity and social justice

This article reasserts the centrality of reasoning as the focus for moral education. Attention to moral cognition must be extended to incorporate sociogenetic processes in moral growth. Moral education is not simply growth within the moral domain, but addresses capacities of students to engage in cross-domain coordination. Development beyond adolescence in moral thinking is in two forms: (1) the gradual application of morality in broader adult contexts, and (2) the result of social discourse and progressive readjustments at the individual and societal level of views of the morality of societal practices. Postconventional moral reasoning is not a rarified stage of moral cognition, but an orientation and set of discourse skills potentially available to all normally developing adult moral reasoners.     

Fluid reasoning,working memory and planning ability in assessment of risk for mathematical difficulties

ABSTRACT

The demands on mathematical problem-solving have increased in almost all school systems internationally and may constitute a barrier for children with special educational needs (SEN). This study explored the role of fluid reasoning (FR), working memory (WM) and complex executive function of planning (EF) in children (N = 62) referred for assessment of SEN, and specifically of risk for mathematical difficulties (MD). Performances on FR, WM and complex EF of planning were used to predict risk for MD. Results showed that planning ability predicted children at risk for MD, beyond FR or WM ability, when comparing with children not at risk for MD. It was concluded that assessing the complex EF of planning in addition to FR and WM ability is crucial in identifying children at risk for MD. The importance of understanding how planning ability affects children’s mathematical problem-solving is discussed, in relation to assessment and teaching practices.     

浅谈数学概念教学中学生创新思维的培养

数学概念是数学教学中培养学生创新思维的重要环节 ,文章从概念的引入、形成、表达、巩固和实际运用等五方面浅谈在概念教学中优化学生的创新心理 ,培养学生创新思维和能力的具体运作。     

Socio-scientific reasoning and environmental literacy in a field-based ecology class

The complex environmental challenges humanity faces require citizens who are scientifically and environmentally literate. Many environmental education programs are situated in the field where students are immersed in their learning. These field-based activities are engaging but may lack opportunities for students to develop critical thinking and reasoning skills necessary to be environmentally literate. We suggest a socio-scientific issue (SSI) based teaching approach can increase epistemic engagement and lead to student gains in scientific and environmental literacy. This study describes how we modified an existing field-based ecology course, framing the learning around a local environmental socio-scientific issue. We used a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach to examine the changes in socio-scientific reasoning (SSR) over time for high school students in this course as a measure of scientific and environmental literacy. Results indicate that a focused SSI field-based environmental education curriculum can support development of socio-scientific reasoning and environmental literacy competencies among high school students.     

《日出》中“小东西”请求言语行为的转喻分析

以言语行为转喻理论为基础,从认知和语用结合的角度分析《日出》中＂小东西＂这一角色的请求言语行为的转喻现象以及会话中所体现的转喻思维中所涉及的认知和语用因素,同时期望为文学作品的研究提供一个新的切入点。