计算机辅助翻译教学再认识

目前,国外对翻译技术教学的研究已日趋成熟,而国内某些地区对翻译技术教学,特别是计算机辅助翻译教学仍然存在一定的认识误区。认为计算机辅助翻译只是使用计算机来做翻译,所使用的只有几款计算机辅助软件,并将其等同于机器翻译。从教学性质、教学方法和教学内容三个方面重新认识计算机辅助翻译教学,是加强计算机辅助翻译教学的前提。     

Examining potentialities of handheld technology in students’ academic attainments

An increasing number of K‐12 school teachers have been using handheld, or palmtop, computers in the classroom as an integral means of facilitating education due to the flexibility, mobility, interactive learning capability, and comparatively inexpensive cost. This study involved two experiments in handheld computers: (a) a comparison of the process of learning English spelling in fourth grade students using handheld computers and fourth grade students who did not use handheld computers, and (b) a comparison between the test results of fifth grade students’ dividing fractions using handheld computers and fifth grade students dividing fractions using paper‐and‐pencil. The results revealed that fourth grade students who used handheld computers to learn spelling had significantly higher test scores than those students who learned spelling without handheld computers. Fifth grade students who used handheld computers when taking a dividing fractions test scored significantly higher than those students who used paper‐and‐pencil for the same test. This study concluded that handheld devices could be an addition to learning technologies in elementary schools.

Untersuchung der Einsatzmöglichkeit von Handheld‐Technologie beim Erreichen von akademischen Primarschul‐Lehrer‐Abschlüssen

Eine wachsende Zahl von K‐12 Schullehrern verwenden Handhelds oder Palmtop‐Computer im Unterricht als wesentliche erzieherische Hilfsmittel wegen ihrer Flexibilität Mobilität, interaktiven Kapazität und ihren vergleichsweise geringen Kosten. Diese Studie enthält zwei Experimente im Bereich “Handheld Computer”. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass fourth‐grade Studenten, die zum Erlernen der Rechtschreibung Handheld.‐Computer benutzten, signifikant bessere Testergebnisse erreichten als die, die keine Handhelds verwendeten. Fifth‐Grade Studenten, die Handhelds beim Lösen von Divisionsaufgaben benutzen haben beim Test signifikant besser abgeschnitten, als die, die nur Papier und Bleistift für den gleichen Test zur Verfügun hatten. Daraus folgt, dass Handheld Hilfsmittel eine zusätzliche Hilfe beim Lernen von Technologie in Grundschulen sein könnten.

Un examen du potentiel des technologies portables sur les résultats scolaires des élèves de l’école élémentaire

Un nombre croissant de professeurs des écoles utilisent les ordinateurs portables ou “palmtop” dans leurs classes comme outil intégré susceptible de faciliter l’enseignement, du fait de sa souplesse, de sa mobilité, de sa capacité à favoriser l’apprentissage interactif et de son prix relativement accessible. La présente étude a porté sur deux expériences impliquant des ordinateurs de poche. Les résultats ont révélé que les élèves de quatrième année qui utilisaient ces ordinateurs portables pour apprendre l’orthographe obtenaient aux tests des scores nettement plus élevés que les élèves qui apprenaient l’orthographe sans ordinateursde poche. Les élèves de cinquième année qui utilisaient des ordinateurs portables lorsqu’ils passaient un test sur la division des fractions obtenaient des résultats nettement plus élevés que les élèves qui utilisaient du papier et un crayon pour le même test. Cette étude a conclu que les technologies portables pouvaient apporter un plus aux technologies d’apprentissage dans les écoles élémentaires.

Un examen de las potencialides de las tecnologías portátilessobre los resultados académicos de los alumnos de primaria

Un número creciente de maestros de escuela usan ordenadores de tipo móvil o handheld en sus aulas como herramientas integradas para facilitar el aprendizaje, debido a su flexibilidad, movilidad, capacidad para facilitar el aprendizaje interactivo y su precio relativamente barato. El presente estudio incluye dos experimentos sobre los ordenadores de bolsillo. Los resultados han mostrado que los alumnos de cuarto año que habían usado esos ordenadores móviles para aprender la ortografía conseguían resultados claramente más altos que los alumnos que habían aprendido la ortografía sin ordenadores móviles. Los alumnos de quinto año que usaban los ordenadores móviles cuando pasaban un test de división de fracciones conseguían resultados claramente más altos que los de esos alumnos que habían usado papel y lápiz para el mismo test. La investigación concluyó que los aparatos portatiles podían constituir un valor agregado en las tecnologías de aprendizaje en las escuelas primarias.     

The “1984” Macintosh Ad: Cinematic Icons and Constitutive Rhetoric in the Launch of a New Machine

The “1984” Macintosh ad was broadcast only once in 1984 to launch a personal computer that could easily be used by non‐expert consumers, but the ad has remained in the public eye via numerous television and advertising award ceremonies. Applying a theory of constitutive rhetoric with analysis of the ideological codes and cinematic narratives that construct the ad, this essay explores the integral role ads play in the cultural discourse of new technologies. Ultimately, the ad's rhetoric of freedom and revolution is used to constitute consumers, not rebels, leaving intact capitalism's ideological investment in the technological realization of social progress.     

The Development and Evaluation of a Computer-Assisted Music Instruction Program for the Improvement of Tonal Memory

No abstract available for this article.     

The Use and Efficacy of Handheld Computers for School-Based Data Collection: A Literature Review

Given the increasing influence of technology and the explosion in data collection demands, the acceptance and assimilation of new paradigms and technologies require today's educators, researchers, and evaluators to consider alternative tools, and apply them effectively. One of these alternatives, handheld computers, also known as personal digital assistants (PDAs), makes the benefits of computerized data collection more accessible to field-based researchers. An evaluation of handheld computers as data collection tools in research settings requires an understanding of their use from different perspectives in existing research. This review examines the willingness of teachers to adopt handheld data collection systems by focusing on 5 main features: (a) ease of use, (b) usefulness, (c) subjective norms, (d) intention to use, and (e) dependability.     

Shape Makers

Summary

Professional standards for school mathematics recommend that dynamic geometry programs such as the Geometer's Sketchpad can and should be used to enhance student learning of geometry. This article illustrates how a geometry computer microworld containing screen manipulable, dynamically transformable shape-making objects can promote the development of powerful geometric reasoning. Also described is the overall context and factors that should guide mathematics educators' design and use of instructional technology.     

Visualizing community: understanding narrative inquiry as action research

This article explores the experiences of students who used interactive learning material on handheld computers in a gallery to support their understanding and appreciation of artwork. The article considers the wider implications of using technology to change relationships between teacher, learners and subject matter, and attempts to offer positive and pragmatic recommendations about the implementation of new technology into established educational contexts. Research was undertaken as part of the ICT Test Bed Project, set up by the DfES (UK Department for Education and Science) and funded by Becta (British Education Communications Technology Agency). Initial findings from this project are likely to be of interest to those exploring how mobile technology can be used to support the Government’s wider agenda for educational reform and offer a practitioner’s critical perspective on the possibilities and challenges offered by their use.     

‘Micro’ politics: mapping the origins of schools computing as a field of education policy

This paper examines the emergence of schools ‘micro-computing’ in the UK between 1977 and 1984 – a period of significant educational, technological and political change. During this time, computing developed rapidly from a niche activity in a few select schools to the state subsidized purchasing of a ‘computer in every school’ and the nationwide promotion of computers as a feature of curriculum and pedagogy. Through a series of in-depth retrospective interviews with key policy actors (n=20) this paper develops a detailed ‘policy historiography’ of this period - shedding light on the complex power relations and interests that underpinned these developments. In particular, the paper highlights the origins of these policy interventions in earlier activities, and examines the negotiations and conflicts between and within the two government departments involved in the mass introduction of computing into the UK school system.     

Beyond the skin bag: on the moral responsibility of extended agencies

The growing prominence of computers in contemporary life, often seemingly with minds of their own, invites rethinking the question of moral responsibility. If the moral responsibility for an act lies with the subject that carried it out, it follows that different concepts of the subject generate different views of moral responsibility. Some recent theorists have argued that actions are produced by composite, fluid subjects understood as extended agencies (cyborgs, actor networks). This view of the subject contrasts with methodological individualism: the idea that actions are produced only by human individuals. This essay compares two views of responsibility: moral individualism (the ethical twin of methodological individualism), and joint responsibility (associated with extended agency theory). It develops a view of what joint responsibility might look like, and considers the advantages it might bring relative to moral individualism as well as the objections that are sure to be raised against it.     

Computer technology and complex problem solving: Issues in the study of complex cognitive activity

Goals and plans organize much of complex problem solving behavior and are often inferable from action sequences. This paper addresses the strengths and limitations of inferring goals and plans from information that can be derived from computer traces of software used to solve mathematics problems. We examined mathematics problem solving activity about distance, rate, time relationships in a computer software environment designed to support understanding of functional relationships among these variables (e.g., distance =rate × time; time=distance/rate) using graphical representations of the results of simulations. Ten adolescent-aged students used the software to solve two distance, rate, time problems, and provided think-aloud protocols. To determine the inferability of understanding from the action traces, coders analyzed students' understanding from the computer traces alone (Trace-only raters) and compared these to analyses based on the traces plus the verbal protocols (Traceplus raters). Inferability of understanding from the action traces was related to level of student understanding how they used the graphing tool. When students had a good understanding of distance, rate, time relationships, it could be accurately inferred from the computer traces if they used the simulation tool in conjunction with the graphing tool. When students had a weak understanding, the verbal protocols were necessary to make accurate inferences about what was and was not understood. The computer trace also failed to capture dynamic exploration of the visual environment so students who relied on the graphing tool were inaccurately characterized by the Trace-only coders. Discussion concerns types of scaffolds that would be helpful learning environment for complex problems, the kind of information that is needed to adequately track student understanding in this content domain, and instructional models for integrating learning environments like these into classrooms.Members of the Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt who have contributed to this project are (in alphabetical order) Helen Bateman, John Bransford, Thaddeus Crews, Allison Moore, Mitchell Nathan, and Stephen Owens. The research was supported, in part, by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF-MDR-9252990) but no official endorsement of the ideas expressed herein should be inferred.