促进农业基础研究保障我国粮食安全——973计划对我国粮食安全的贡献及其发展建议

近年来,国际粮食储备量持续下降而产生了世界粮食危机,我国的粮食安全问题也逐步引起政府和国民的重视.本文分析了我国粮食产量的发展趋势,提出了影响粮食单产的基础科学问题,并从优良品种培育、高产栽培、植物保护和农田土壤方面总结了973计划所取得的成就,进一步提出农业重大基础研究保障粮食安全的发展建议.     

陆海统筹视域下的中国食物与营养安全

食物与营养安全研究是长期粮食安全研究的延伸,也是人民追求健康和美好生活的现实需求,而树立大食物观,统筹陆海食物系统可以更加全面地反映出食物与营养安全状况。本文基于食物营养成分视角,利用食物营养转化模型核算2003—2018年中国食物营养的生产和需求量,运用食物营养富缺指数刻画出中国食物与营养安全的整体态势。结果表明：①中国食物营养成分产量均在增长,但增长速度和食物贡献率有所差异;谷物类是热量、蛋白质和氨基酸的第一大食物来源和增长贡献者,而脂肪和脂肪酸主要来源于肉类;海域食物营养成分产量较小,但在单位营养含量、食物多样性以及未来发展潜力上都存在一定的优势。②考虑人口结构变化,中国食物热量、蛋白质和脂肪的需求总量逐年上升,涨幅分别达到6.9%、7.6%和7.0%,人口增长是中国食物营养需求增长的第一大驱动力;而中国食物营养的人日均需求量呈现下降趋势,从侧面反映出中国人口老龄化问题。③中国蛋白质供应一直处于绝对安全水平,热量长期处于相对安全及以上水平,脂肪长期处于相对安全和供应不足的水平。④中国食物损失和浪费量惊人,这也使中国热量和脂肪滞后4~9年进入相对安全和绝对安全水平。     

饵料组成对七彩神仙鱼最大摄食率、生长和消化吸收的影响

在水温28℃的条件下,配制3种饲料(饲料I:猪心35%、牛心35%、虾肉30%;饲料II:猪心70%、虾肉30%;饵料III:牛心70%、虾肉30%),进行摄食-生长实验(实验周期为31d),实验鱼47.83-68.26g,测定其最大摄食率(Cmax)、特定生长率(SGR)、转化效率(K)和表观消化率(D)。方差分析表明:不同饲料对七彩神仙鱼的Cmax,SGR和K均无显著影响(p>0.05),其Cmax(湿),K,SGR的平均值是分别为3.00%,7.80%,0.24;而对D有显著的影响(p<0.05),饲料(Ⅰ)和(Ⅲ)的消化率相近,分别为95.58%和95.11%,饲料(Ⅱ)的消化率最低,为93.64%。     

我国绿色食品生产发展的对策

绿色食品生产是我国一项新兴产业，代表着农业发展的方向。绿色食品产业的发展，要从实施可持续发展战略的高度，提高公众对其重要性的认识；在全社会倡导绿色消费，为绿色食品产业提供广阔的市场空间；大力推进产业化经营模式，并加快绿色食品生产的现代化进程。     

Acerca del hielo en el islam medieval

The history of ice in medieval Arab societies is obscured behind a mosaic of a variety of references and scholarly citations. Beyond al-Qalqashandī's reference to organised ice trafficking in fourteenth-century Mamluk Egypt, we do not have conclusive evidence on the origin and use of ice as a consumer product. In this paper we trace its presence based on three genres of references: historical and literary quotations, medicine and literature pertaining to food. These references allow us to consider the extent of ice consumption in the Arab world before the ninth century, as well as the existence of an organised trade throughout the Middle Ages from that time. However, contrary to the Persian world, with its well-documented Iranian yakhchals, we still know virtually nothing about ice-houses in medieval Arab societies. We also know very little about the profession of the thallāj or ice-seller, or whether the widespread consumption of ice that originated in Spain in the sixteenth century was in fact a legacy of an earlier trade in al-Andalus.     

Optimizing recovery to support multi-evening cycling competition performance

Road criterium and track bicycle racing occur at high speeds, demand repeated high power outputs, last 10–90?min, and offer little chance for recovery after the event. Consecutive evenings of criterium and track racing are respectively known as speed-week or six-day events and take place in evening hours over the course of a week. Given the schedule and timing of these competitions, return to homeostasis can be compromised. No recommendations exist on how to optimize recovery for cyclists participating in these types of repeated evening competitions. Criterium and track cyclists spend considerable time, near and above the individual lactate threshold and therefore mostly utilize carbohydrate as their chief energy substrate. Henceforth, pre – and post-race nutrition and hydration is examined and recommendations are brought forward for carbohydrate, protein, and fluid intake. As evening high-intensity exercise perturbs sleep, strategies to optimize sleep are discussed and recommendations for an optimal sleep environment are given. Active recovery is examined, and the benefits of a short duration low intensity exercise reviewed. Passive recovery methods such as compression garments and cold water immersion are recommended, while evidence for massage, pneumatic compression devices, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation is still lacking. Optimizing recovery strategies will facilitate a return to the resting state following strenuous night competition.     

基于新鲜度和配送成本的易腐食品配送路径

为解决企业在制定易腐食品配送计划时难以权衡配送总成本与交付产品的新鲜度的问题,建立以配送总成本最低和交付产品平均新鲜度最大为目标,带时间窗的易腐食品配送路径规划模型。采用自适应差分进化(differential evolution,DE)算法求解模型,通过数值算例验证模型和算法的有效性。与基本DE算法和基本蚁群算法的求解结果进行对比,自适应DE算法的求解结果更优,收敛速度更快。求得的帕累托解集表明配送总成本与交付产品平均新鲜度相悖,增加少量的配送成本可以使交付产品的平均新鲜度得到大幅提升。对易腐食品保质期、时间窗宽度和车辆装载量进行灵敏度分析,为企业在不同配送情景下在配送总成本与交付产品的平均新鲜度之间的权衡提供参考。     

协同导向：美国青少年体质健康政策的演进与启示

协同导向是美国青少年体质健康政策的突出特征,主要体现在政策文本协同和政策制订协同两方面.在政策文本协同方面,通过梳理历年来体质测量、体育、教育、校园卫生和营养等方面的政策演进过程,发现其体现出较明显的健康促进导向作用.在政策制订协同方面,除了政府相关部门外,社会组织和社会精英人物也都积极参与政策制订,形成了国家政府部门和各界参与的有机融合.我国青少年体质健康亦面临类似问题,可借鉴美国经验,注重体育与营养政策的协同作用,注重跨界政策制订主体的协同参与,强化学校和社区等场域的协同连接,凸显学生校园营养行为的国家责任.     

生活方式干预对心血管疾病危险因素的影响——美国HELPS项目成果

摘要：心血管疾病（CVD）一直是全世界最主要的死因。由于CVD等慢性疾病对健康的威胁越来越大,有必要开展生活方式干预项目以控制这些疾病的危险因素。本研究的目的是评估美国的重要慢病干预项目—HELPS治疗型生活方式改变（TLC）项目对减少CVD危险因素和其他慢性疾病的有效性。方法：140位大学教职工参加为期12周的HELPS TLC项目,干预前后用配对t检验对其体重、BMI、腰围（WC）、6分钟步行距离（6MWD）、空腹血脂和血糖进行测定和比较。结果：干预后6MWD显著增加,总胆固醇（TC）和WC显著下降。对“高危”参与者进一步分析显示：BMI（-1.5±0.5,-3.9%）、TC（- 22.8±4.0,-9.0%）、LDL（- 14.1±4.9,9.3%）和血糖（-6.9±2.2,-6.1%）均显著下降;男性腰围（-4.5±0.8,-10%）显著减小,女性未见显著改变（-1.5±0.5,-4.0%）。此外,体重的变化与TC（r=0.43）、LDL（r=0.35）和血糖（r=0.44）的变化均显著相关。结论：参加12周的生活方式干预项目可以使CVD危险因素减少,特别是在CVD“高危”个体中。HELPS TLC项目的远期效果还待进一步深入研究。     

Politics,Pauperism and Power in Late Nineteenth Century Ireland. By Virginia Crossman.

ABSTRACT

Food and military identity were inextricably linked in the British Army: rations were a thrice daily indicator of the men's separation from their civilian selves. The soldiers were what they ate, but they were also where and how they ate; the grubby rapacity of the barrack dining hall, the absence of civilizing cutlery and the unfamiliar food delineated their new role as clearly as any uniform. Institutional feeding facilitated the erasure of self, an unhelpful attribute in the military world. Men's accounts indicate the conflict between their appetites and what they all too often regarded as oppression in a dietary form.