Effects of Different Chair-Based Exercises on Salivary Biomarkers and Functional Autonomy in Institutionalized Older Women

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the effects of chair-based exercise programs on salivary stress hormones, physical fitness, and functional autonomy of institutionalized older women. Method: In total, 47 participants (80 ± 8.04 years old) were recruited and allocated into three groups: chair-based aerobic exercises (CAE, n = 19), chair-based elastic-band strength exercises (CSE, n = 15), and a control group (CG, n = 13). A 14-week exercise intervention was done for the CAE and CSE groups, two times per week, in no consecutive days. Members of the CG did not participate in any type of exercise but kept their regular lifestyle. Fear of falling, autonomy, physical fitness, salivary cortisol, and alpha-amylase levels were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: The CAE group improved upper and lower body strength, agility–dynamic balance, and autonomy, with fear of falling decreasing significantly (p < .05, moderate effect size). Both exercise groups showed a trend toward an increase in salivary alpha-amylase levels (CAE = 43%, d = .31, and CSE = 44%, d = .41). Conclusion: Both exercise programs were able to improve functional autonomy, even in elders older than 80 years of age. It might be interesting to investigate the effectiveness of combining both aerobic and strength exercises in a unique protocol. The modulation effect of exercise in the hormonal responses needs to be further explored.     

社团自治视域下中国足协引援调节费制度的省思

基于限制俱乐部在转会市场上频繁高价引援的初衷,中国足协出台了引援调节费制度。为了探究引援调节费制度的合法性和合理性,通过比较研究法、历史研究法等,围绕规则制定的主体、程序以及引援调节费的性质等方面对引援调节费制度进行了分析。从程序和实体两方面来检视引援调节费制度,可以发现该规则的设计缺乏自洽性,文件的制定背离了程序正义,制度的出台也违背比例原则的要求。从社团自治的视角出发,在法治思维下探索适合本土职业足球发展的规则体系,提出：中国足协要增强规则设计的自洽性,制定程序应当凸显社团自治,要尊重职业联赛发展的规律。     

体育社团自治在政府购买服务中的角色研究

在推广政府购买服务的大背景下,各级政府都乐于将体育社团选定为承接主体。但是当前的体育社团在社团设立、机构设置、业务活动开展、经费来源、内部章程、运行机制等方面都存在着种种困难。这种自治困境既使政府购买服务缺乏竞争环境,也使政府购买服务的合同制管理难以实现。因此,提出通过主张体育社团的自治制度设计、区分政府购买体育社团自身职能范围之服务、政府购买服务的行政合同法律关系之构建,将体育社团自治嵌入到政府购买服务的大背景中。     

A moral basis for prohibiting performance enhancing drug use in competitive sport

A strong moral reason for prohibiting doping in sport is to be found in the bad choices that would be faced by clean athletes in a sporting world that tolerated doping. The case against doping is not, however, to be grounded in the concept of coercion. Instead, it is grounded in a general duty of sport to afford fair opportunity to the goods that are distinctively within sport's sphere of control. The moral reason to prohibit doping need not be balanced against any autonomy claim of athletes who would prefer to dope because, upon closer examination, such claims have no force. The moral reason to prohibit doping does, however, need to be balanced against the enforcement costs imposed on all athletes by effective prohibition.     

Using the self-determination theory to understand Chinese adolescent leisure-time physical activity

Purposes: This study applies the self-determination theory (SDT) to test the hypothesized relationships among perceived autonomy support from parents, physical education (PE) teachers, and peers, the fulfilment of psychological needs (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness), autonomous motivation, and leisure-time physical activity of Chinese adolescents. Method: There are 255 grade six to eight student participants from four middle schools around Shanghai, China included in this study. An accelerometer was used to measure the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The participants completed the questionnaires regarding SDT variables. The structural equation modelling was applied to examine the hypothesized relationships among the study variables. Results: The model of hypothesized relationships demonstrated a good fit with the data [X²?=?20.84, df?=?9, P?=?.01; CFI?=?0.98; IFI?=?0.98; SRMR?=?0.04; RMSEA?=?0.05]. The findings revealed that autonomy support from parents, PE teachers, and peers foster social conditions in which the three basic psychological needs can be met. In turn, autonomy, competence, and relatedness are positively associated with autonomous motivation for MVPA. The autonomous motivation positively relates to the MVPA time of adolescents. The three psychological needs partially mediate the influence of autonomy support from parents (β?=?0.18, P?<?.01; Bootstrap 95% CI?=?0.06–0.33) and teachers (β?=?0.17, P?<?.01; Bootstrap 95% CI?=?0.03–0.26) in the autonomous motivation. Conclusion: In conclusion, these findings support the applicability of SDT in understanding and promoting physical activity of Chinese adolescents.     

论教育视角中中学生积极心境的培养

心境是一种微弱而持久的情感状态。积极的心境使人朝气蓬勃、积极向上,能够提高人们的工作和学习效率,消极的心境使人消沉、悲观,妨碍工作和学习。社会的转型、现代教育意义的失落和现代家庭的结构调整使中学生心境失衡。完善学校教育模式、优化家庭养育方式、营造社会人文生态是培养中学生积极心境的主要途径。     

英格兰足球超级联盟研究及对我国职业足球发展的启示

英国作为现代足球的发源地,一直是世界足球强国。英超联盟是英国足球产业的中流砥柱,在英国体育事业中发挥着举足轻重的作用。通过对英超联盟的组织结构、产权框架与经营手段的研究,反思中国职业足球存在的“管办不分”“产权不清”以及“管理混乱”等问题,体现在中超联赛上就是组织结构的不完善与商业开发能力的严重不足。为了解决这些问题,结合中国自身实际,提出从加强联赛理事会建设与促进中超公司发展这两个角度寻找一条适合中国足球发展的道路。     

中美基础体育教育师资培训的对比研究

通过对我国及美国体育教育师资培训的基本体制、培训标准和高校体育教育专业课程设置的对比分析，结合我国高校体育教育专业的改革和培养计划，对普通高校尤其师范类体育教育专业的办学走向、培养目标及专业课程设置，提出体育教育的人才培养目标应立足于社会的发展，整合专业课程设置的结构，扩大学生学习的范围和领域，提高获取知识的能力，以发挥师范院校在师资培养方面的优势，从而能适应社会对体育人才的多元化、多层次需求。     

课堂教学中培养高校学生自主学习的实践及分析

文章以现代外语教学中的自主学习理论为基础,在大学专科学生中进行了广泛的调查和结果分析,指出了自主学习理论在不同学生群体中产生效果及反馈的差异性,并针对该差异提出了若干可行的解决方法。     

现代冲突法视野下国际体育仲裁院实体法律适用

摘要：主要运用文献资料法并结合现代冲突法理论对国际体育仲裁院的实体法律适用规则进行分析,旨在对国际体育仲裁院实体法律适用规则的完善提出具体建议。研究表明：国际体育仲裁院为普通仲裁程序和上诉仲裁设置了不同的实体法律适用规则,均接受了意思自治原则,并且排斥了利用冲突规则选法的途径,而是直接选择适用相关实体法,国际体育仲裁院实体法律适用规则有其合理性,但同时也存在赋予仲裁庭较大自由裁量权、最密切联系原则缺失等不足。尊重当事人意思自治,灵活采用最密切联系原则进行法律选择是当今法律选择方法的发展趋势,国际体育仲裁院实体法律适用规则应该注重形式正义与实质正义的统一,强调法律适用的结果,保护弱势群体利益,兼顾商事性和体育专业性。国际体育仲裁院应该将最密切联系原则纳入其实体法律选择规范中,限制仲裁庭的自由裁量权。