A topography of free kicks in soccer

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the spatial relationship of performance variables for soccer free kicks. In order to suggest ways in which players might optimise their performance, we collected data from free kicks (<35 m to goal line) of two German Bundesliga seasons (2013/14, 2014/15) (n = 1624). In the analysis, we applied the ISO-map approach using colour gradients to visualise the mean values of a variable on a 2D-map of the pitch. Additionally, variograms were used to describe the degree of spatial dependence of the free kick variables. Results show that DENSITY, TYPE OF PLAY, PLAYERS IN WALL, DISTANCE TO WALL and RULE VIOLATION were strongly spatially dependent. Centrality and proximity to the goal increased the variables PLAYERS IN WALL, RULE VIOLATIONS and INTERRUPTION TIME, and the ratio of goals scored increased from 5.9% (central far) to 10.9% (central near). In 70.9% of the shots, players preferred a switched laterality, which did not result in a higher success rate. Furthermore, there was no statistical advantage for the defensive team when DISTANCE TO WALL was below 9.15 m or when there was a RULE VIOLATION. Crosses had a success rate (i.e., first controlled ball contact after the cross) of 20.8%. Played with natural laterality, they were 5% more successful than with switched laterality. Crosses from the right side outside the penalty box were 10% more successful than from the left side. Therefore, it might be worthwhile practising the defence of balls coming from this side.     

八段锦竞赛功法对大学生机体自由基代谢和身体形态影响的研究

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电力变压器离线局部放电测量试验中的容升现象分析

Partial discharge test on a transformer is carried out according to the items in IEC 60.During the test,unproved measuring system is calibrated by proved system at a voltage no less than 50% the rated testing voltage.The result is then extrapolated linearly,leading to an error related to the distribution of stray capacitance,which varies with the testing frequency,especially to large transformers.In this paper a factor,named the capacitive rise fact,is introduced to assess the rise.The factor can be adjusted to some extent by changing the reactance that is connected to the LV side of the testing circuit to lower the capacity of the power source.However,the factor changes when the voltage divider on the high voltage side is removed after the voltage ratio has been calculated,and a great error is resulted under unfavorable conditions.     

经济学视角下流域水污染治理的新思路

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论市场经济条件下集体主义与个人的自由发展

在市场经济条件下，人的个性和自由得到了一定程度的张扬，怎样处理和理解好集体主义和个人主义的关系。如何在加强集体主义的同时兼顾个人的自由发展，本文就此问题作了一些探讨。     

《庄子》二题

庄子的“吾丧我”涵盖工夫与本体两个层面,其含义是“唯丧我才能见道”,又是“见道后的自然解脱”。庄子“大木”的形象是丑的,但“大木”意象是美的,“大木”的本质是庄子对个体生死意义的独到领悟,又是一种超然而可求的人生态度。     

与钱歌川教授商榷--关于《西厢记》中"西风紧"一句,意译或直译,孰宜?

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行政自由裁量权的规范与控制

在现代行政中，行政自由裁量权是必不可少的，但它最容易被滥用，从而带来严重危害行政法治和侵害行政相对人权利的负面效应，因此，有必要对其进行规范与控制。对于行政自由裁量权，规范与控制同等重要，二者相辅相成，缺一不可。     

中国新诗自由形式的必然性及其走向

中国诗歌自格律化以来，已有千余年的发展史。在其漫长的演进过程中，格律体式已成为其继续提升的桎梏。到新化运动，这种体式被彻底打破，而在新诗格律化建设中，无数次试验均收效甚微。从新诗史的角度考察，中国新诗的自由形式更合于新诗本身的品性，不定型就是其已有或应有形式。当然，这种形式上的自由并非“绝端的自由”，而是有着审美控制力的自由。对形式美的自觉追求，应是中国新诗发展的题中之义。     

王船山商品经济思想的现代特色

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