A scale-based approach to interdisciplinary research and expertise in sports

After more than 20 years since the introduction of ecological and dynamical approaches in sports research, their promising opportunity for interdisciplinary research has not been fulfilled yet. The complexity of the research process and the theoretical and empirical difficulties associated with an integrated ecological-dynamical approach have been the major factors hindering the generalisation of interdisciplinary projects in sports sciences. To facilitate this generalisation, we integrate the major concepts from the ecological and dynamical approaches to study behaviour as a multi-scale process. Our integration gravitates around the distinction between functional (ecological) and execution (organic) scales, and their reciprocal intra- and inter-scale constraints. We propose an (epistemological) scale-based definition of constraints that accounts for the concept of synergies as emergent coordinative structures. To illustrate how we can operationalise the notion of multi-scale synergies we use an interdisciplinary model of locomotor pointing. To conclude, we show the value of this approach for interdisciplinary research in sport sciences, as we discuss two examples of task-specific dimensionality reduction techniques in the context of an ongoing project that aims to unveil the determinants of expertise in basketball free throw shooting. These techniques provide relevant empirical evidence to help bootstrap the challenging modelling efforts required in sport sciences.     

Bulgarian pirates: At the world's end

The present article compares the strategies of the legitimation of piracy developed by Western authors such as Richard Stallman and Larry Lessig with those developed by everyday Bulgarian pirates. It attempts to escape from the usual debate between the entertainment industries and the supporters of free culture, and to open the field for new perspectives. In Bulgaria it is precisely “free” as in “free beer” that matters, since the prices of cultural products tend to be too high for the Bulgarian market. In many cases, there is no possible legal access to the cultural products desired. The digital library “Chitanka” illustrates how piracy as bottom-up initiative compensates for the lack of successful public policies oriented towards visually impaired people and Bulgarian emigrants abroad. Although mobility and de-territorialisation have made piracy possible, it is perceived as a deeply national cause. The article emphasises that a difference should be made between open non-commercial projects as “Chitanka” and commercial torrent trackers, which thrive in the grey economy and abuse the symbolic capital of free culture. Piracy should be analysed at the intersections of global economic shifts and their local repercussions, of transnational culture flows and local culture infrastructure. Only this kind of an approach is likely to help us trace the unstable border between the cases in which digital piracy is a problem of the grey economy, and those in which it offers original non-market solutions to deeper structural problems.     

磁场和自由界面热流下二维液态锡膜流的传热模拟

液态金属偏滤器具有自修复和热负荷能力,因此成为偏滤器的重要设计方案。偏滤器上的液态金属膜流处于磁场和高强度热流下,且装置运行时产生的低频扰动会使薄膜流动发展为毛细孤立波。在毛细孤立波膜流中,波谷位置的毛细分离涡会显著增强该区域的对流换热。研究雷诺数为58的液态锡毛细孤立波膜流在底壁附近的换热现象。结果表明：无外加磁场和自由界面热流时,液态锡毛细孤立波薄膜流动复现了努塞尔数在波谷位置显著增强的现象;仅施加磁场时,由于洛伦兹力的阻尼效应,毛细分离涡处的换热增强效果被抑制;仅施加热流时,由于膜流被加热,总换热量增加,导致努塞尔数分布更均匀;同时施加磁场和热流时,两者的作用会叠加。     

国际经验对海南自由贸易港规划建设的启示

海南自由贸易港规划建设不仅是海南自身发展的需要,也是中国深化改革、扩大开放、实现经济转型及应对国际竞争与挑战的重要战略举措.本文在总结与归纳自由贸易区的含义、类型以及发展经验的基础上,对海南自由贸易港建设的基础与条件、功能与作用、属性与类型、产业选择、空间结构、监管模式、政策法规、营商环境以及风险防控等方面作了系统分析...     

Searching for momentum in NBA triplets of free throws

ABSTRACT

The literature on momentum is still undecided, with mixed results whether momentum exists or is only perceived to exist (“hot hand fallacy”). We explore whether momentum exists by looking at cases in which a basketball player has three consecutive free throws. A free throw is a well-defined task executed in a stable environment, allegedly giving momentum optimal chances to occur. Taking 14 NBA seasons we collected over 4500 three-free-throw sets (triplets). We obtained the outcomes of the shots as well as some additional variables about the player and the game: the player’s average free-throw percentage, home or away, and the game score and the quarter when the free throws were attempted. We first analyse the hit rates in the three shots and then proceed to regression analysis that also controls for the abovementioned variables. We address several concerns raised in the literature. All comparisons and analyses yield the same conclusion that there is no evidence for momentum in the data.     

灸足三里、关元穴对运动大鼠肝组织自由基代谢的影响

通过建立艾灸足三里、关元大鼠的力竭跑台训练实验模型,测定了大鼠肝组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性、丙二醛(MDA)的水平、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。实验结果显示,艾灸足三里、关元穴后,大鼠跑台运动能力明显提高;肝组织SOD活性显著高于各自对照组;MDA含量显著低于各自对照组。说明艾灸足三里、关元穴具有较强的抗自由基损伤和抗脂质过氧化损伤的作用,可减轻运动所产生的内源性自由基对大鼠的伤害。另外,艾灸足三里、关元穴对大鼠肝细胞膜有保护作用,可减少组织酶的外泄。     

山东省优秀散打运动员有氧能力的研究

目的：探讨山东省优秀散打运动员有氧能力的特点。方法：对山东省优秀散打运动员（实验组）（n=27,其中健将级运动员5人,国家一级运动员22人）以及对照组（n=19,均为二级运动员）的肺功能、心血管功能、最大吸氧量、血乳酸以及身体成分等指标进行比较分析。结果：1）实验组具有高的瘦体重和瘦体重/体脂（P〈0.05）。2）实验组的最大吸氧量无论是其绝对值还是相对值均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。3）实验组和对照组在安静状态下的血乳酸均无显著性差异;但定量负荷后即刻实验组表现出较低的血乳酸值,而对照组则表现出较高的血乳酸值（P〈0.05）。结论：优秀散打运动员具有较高的有氧能力。     

中长距离自由泳项目配速研究现状

对中长距离自由泳项目的配速方案的总体特征、各项目特征,及提高配速水平的方法进行了分析,并提出了提高我国中长距离自由泳项目运动员配速水平的对策与建议,旨在对今后我国该类项目训练与配速研究提供理论参考。     

优秀散打运动员运动损伤心理学模型分析

采用调查与理论分析的方法研究50名优秀散打运动员的运动损伤心理学,结合运动损伤心理学理论,建立优秀散打运动员应激—损伤、交互理路、恢复理论心理学模型。结果表明,优秀散打运动员运动损伤心理学模型的建立加深了对散打运动员运动损伤心理学特征及各因素间关系的认识,对预防运动损伤及加速伤后身心康复具有重要意义。     

运动与自由基代谢

运动训练中自由基的大量生成可以通过对组织细胞膜以及亚细胞器膜的损伤而影响细胸正常的生物学机能 ,自由基的生成增加又是造成运动性疲劳、运动性贫血以及其它身体机能低下状态的重要因素 ,本文总结了近年来国内外关于运动与自由基研究方面的现状 ,并介绍了抗自由基物质的研究进展