Gender differences in mathematics and science competitions: A systematic review

Gendered patterns in mathematics and science interest emerge in early childhood, develop over time, and ultimately reflect advanced course selection in secondary education. During the crucial time adolescents become aware of their strengths and interests and specialize accordingly, they get the opportunity to participate in out-of-school learning programs such as mathematics and science competitions. This raises the question whether mathematics and science competitions contribute to gender equity by equally promoting female and male interests. In this article, we present a systematic review on gender differences and the mechanisms explaining success and failure in mathematics and science competitions. On an international level, we found large gender differences regarding participation in all Olympiads with the exception of the biology Olympiad. In fairs and national Olympiads, overall participation rates were not gendered as such, but females preferred biology topics whereas males preferred physics related topics. Male and female achievement in fairs was comparable, but males clearly outperformed female participants at the Olympiads, with the smallest differences in the biology Olympiad. Variables and theoretical frameworks explaining participation and achievement and the role of gender in mathematics and science competitions are discussed. We suggest that gender stereotypes, through their influence on self-concept and interest, play an important role in the mechanisms resulting in low female participation rates in and beyond mathematics and science competitions (especially in physics and chemistry). The mechanisms we found explaining female representation during a national selection competition might be considered as reflecting those in female mathematics or science careers and could thus serve as food for thought on countering the gender gap in mathematics and science.     

出生性别比研究——以福建省为例

利用全国人口普查福建省数据和福建省公开发布的有关资料数据,分析福建省出生性别比失衡现象的现状,在此基础上,从社会性别视角分析得出出生性别比失衡的根源为性别不平等。应从转变传统观念、充分发挥社会化主体的作用以及借鉴韩国有效的经验三个方面采取有效措施,才能更好地解决出生性别比问题。     

论化妆仪式:阿尔莫多瓦电影中的身份和性别表演

聚焦于阿尔莫多瓦电影的基本构成元素——化妆,通过对其中身份性别表演的分析,发掘出具有"异托邦"性质的反抗与生存的空间,从而在充满矛盾的化妆仪式中,实现身份和性别的颠覆与解构。     

民族身份与性别表述的建构与交融——以满族女作家叶广芩为例

在多元文化语境下,少数民族女性在民族文化历史背景下进行着不懈的精神探索,不断思考并建构着属于自己的民族身份。她们关注女性自身,致力于对民族文化的继承和弘扬,将对民族、家族与性别的关注与个人生命体验胶合在一起,并自觉地将民族叙事与女性叙事相结合,实现了民族身份与性别表述的建构与交融。满族女作家叶广芩的小说创作生动地体现了这一点。     

广告中的女性形象分析

目前研究人员普遍认为现代广告在女性形象的塑造方面存在着刻版化和歧视女性的现象。本文试图通过对现代广告中女性形象的分析,探讨这一问题,并指出大众传媒特别是女性媒体人应该如何解决这一问题。     

女性文学研究与大学语文教育

把女性文学研究的经验和成果运用到大学语文教育中,使大学语文在课程目标、教材编写、教学内容、教学方法等方面都增加一个女性主义视角。把培养大学生先进的社会性别意识作为课程目标之一,用女性主义视角审视教材编写,改变无性别色彩的教学内容。尝试运用女性主义教学法进行颠覆性文本阅读,通过增加性别视角实现多元化、多维度文本解读。     

翻译与性别：论鲁迅文学译作中的女性观

鲁迅的译作在中国历史上产生了深刻的影响。女性问题一直也是他所关注的一大焦点,贯穿于他的创作和翻译生涯,尤其是他翻译文本里所塑造的女性形象及女性标准与当时的社会道德规范大相径庭。在特定时期,鲁迅文学译作中的女性的生存困境,为女性争取话语权带来了契机和希望。     

从媒介语言中的性别定型现象看媒介研究的重要性

人们在辨认、理解和认同一些社会现象时,往往会受到长期以来形成的认识传统的影响。而在当今社会,人们的思维和认识传统的形成又和杂志、互联网、广播、影视等大众传播媒介的影响密不可分。本文通过对媒体中的性别角色定型现象的分析和对一份大学生调查问卷的研究,分析了大众传播媒介中的性别歧视现象,考察了年轻人对待传媒的性别角色定型现象的态度以及他们对这种现象的敏感性,进而阐述了媒介研究的重要性。     

How gender is constructed and experienced in the social world of the nursery school

This case study attempts to capture the way gender is constructed and experienced in the social world of the nursery school. It presents findings from a staff survey, structured and unstructured observations of one male’s and one female’s professional practice and one-to-one interviews with children aged three to four years. Despite practitioners’ reported intentions to challenge traditional notions of gender, construction of traditional gender distinctions was not problematised by staff and was upheld by comments of children. Children appeared to construct themselves in terms of gender stereotypes and were offered only limited alternative gender positions by the male and female practitioners.     

社会性别、比例政策与女性参与——以天津川村村委会选举为例

本文从社会性别的视角分析了比例政策的内容及其运作过程,认为比例政策是一项具备社会性别意识的政策,符合农村妇女的利益需要,能有效提高妇女进入村委会的比例。但其作用也有限度,即无法解决妇女当选职务的性别化、边缘化问题,可能的原因在于比例政策的先天结构性缺陷以及运作过程中出现的政策认知、政策执行和政策监控等方面问题。