翻译与性别：论鲁迅文学译作中的女性观

鲁迅的译作在中国历史上产生了深刻的影响。女性问题一直也是他所关注的一大焦点,贯穿于他的创作和翻译生涯,尤其是他翻译文本里所塑造的女性形象及女性标准与当时的社会道德规范大相径庭。在特定时期,鲁迅文学译作中的女性的生存困境,为女性争取话语权带来了契机和希望。     

从媒介语言中的性别定型现象看媒介研究的重要性

人们在辨认、理解和认同一些社会现象时,往往会受到长期以来形成的认识传统的影响。而在当今社会,人们的思维和认识传统的形成又和杂志、互联网、广播、影视等大众传播媒介的影响密不可分。本文通过对媒体中的性别角色定型现象的分析和对一份大学生调查问卷的研究,分析了大众传播媒介中的性别歧视现象,考察了年轻人对待传媒的性别角色定型现象的态度以及他们对这种现象的敏感性,进而阐述了媒介研究的重要性。     

云南少数民族汉语的性质和特点

语言是一个民族最直观最容易识别的标志,是民族主要的和最显著的特征之一。同一种语言在为不同的民族使用时会在语言结构等方面发生变化,形成鲜明的特点。笔者研究客观存在于云南各民族社会交际中的云南少数民族汉语,认为就其性质而言它是以中介语方式体现出的汉语的民族变体的初级阶段;就其习得方式而言它是交际中介语,具有双重制约性、阶段性、相对稳定性、个体差异性等特征。     

How gender is constructed and experienced in the social world of the nursery school

This case study attempts to capture the way gender is constructed and experienced in the social world of the nursery school. It presents findings from a staff survey, structured and unstructured observations of one male’s and one female’s professional practice and one-to-one interviews with children aged three to four years. Despite practitioners’ reported intentions to challenge traditional notions of gender, construction of traditional gender distinctions was not problematised by staff and was upheld by comments of children. Children appeared to construct themselves in terms of gender stereotypes and were offered only limited alternative gender positions by the male and female practitioners.     

社会性别、比例政策与女性参与——以天津川村村委会选举为例

本文从社会性别的视角分析了比例政策的内容及其运作过程,认为比例政策是一项具备社会性别意识的政策,符合农村妇女的利益需要,能有效提高妇女进入村委会的比例。但其作用也有限度,即无法解决妇女当选职务的性别化、边缘化问题,可能的原因在于比例政策的先天结构性缺陷以及运作过程中出现的政策认知、政策执行和政策监控等方面问题。     

Investigating Identity: Gender,Overseas Experience,and Japanese Youth

Identity is prominent in academia, despite it being difficult to define and measure due to its dynamic and multifaceted nature. In Japan, awareness of the make-up of Japanese youth is increasingly crucial as Japan becomes a more internationalized and ageing society. This paper examines, by identity mapping and discriminant analysis, the cultural identities of 94 Japanese youth. While strong Global identities separated the respondents with from without overseas experience, ties to National identities and Relationships were found respectively for males and females. This paper suggests that regarding the study of cultural identities, gender does matter – at least in Japan.     

Sex differences in elbow and wrist joint loading during the cartwheel and round off with different hand positions performed by young gymnasts

The aim of the study was to determine if sex differences exist in the key elbow and wrist joint injury risk factors during different cartwheel (CW) and round-off (RO) techniques performed by young male and female artistic gymnasts. Sixteen active young gymnasts (8 males and 8 females) performed 30 successful trials of CW and RO with three different hand positions (parallel (10), T-shape (10) and reverse (10)). Synchronised kinematic and kinetic data were collected for each trial. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (3 × 2, technique × sex) and effect-sizes (ES) were used for statistical analysis. In conclusion, female gymnasts exhibited greater normalised peak vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF), elbow and wrist compression forces and elbow internal adduction moments during CW and RO skills compared with male gymnasts. In both sexes, the parallel and reverse techniques increased peak VGRF, elbow and wrist compression forces and the elbow internal adduction moment. Increased elbow flexion resulted in decreased peak VGRF, elbow compression forces and elbow internal adduction moment. Injury risk factors including elbow extension and internal adduction moment with axial compression force suggest that a CW and RO in reverse and parallel techniques can be hazardous especially for young female gymnasts.     

Key somatic variables in young backstroke swimmers

The purpose of this study was to estimate the optimal body size, limb-segment length, girth or breadth ratios for 100-m backstroke mean speed performance in young swimmers. Sixty-three young swimmers (boys [n = 30; age: 13.98 ± 0.58 years]; girls [n = 33; age: 13.02 ± 1.20 years]) participated in this study. To identify the optimal body size and body composition components associated with 100-m backstroke speed performance, we adopted a multiplicative allometric log-linear regression model, which was refined using backward elimination. The multiplicative allometric model exploring the association between 100-m backstroke mean speed performance and the different somatic measurements estimated that biological age, sitting height, leg length for the lower-limbs, and two girths (forearm and arm relaxed girth) are the key predictors. Stature and body mass did not contribute to the model, suggesting that the advantage of longer levers was limb-specific rather than a general whole-body advantage. In fact, it is only by adopting multiplicative allometric models that the abovementioned ratios could have been derived. These findings highlighted the importance of considering somatic characteristics of young backstroke swimmers and can help swimming coaches to classify their swimmers and enable them to suggest what might be the swimmers’ most appropriate stroke (talent identification).     

How accurate are gender detection tools in predicting the gender for Chinese names? A study with 20,000 given names in Pinyin format

Objective:We recently showed that the gender detection tools NamSor, Gender API, and Wiki-Gendersort accurately predicted the gender of individuals with Western given names. Here, we aimed to evaluate the performance of these tools with Chinese given names in Pinyin format.Methods:We constructed two datasets for the purpose of the study. File #1 was created by randomly drawing 20,000 names from a gender-labeled database of 52,414 Chinese given names in Pinyin format. File #2, which contained 9,077 names, was created by removing from File #1 all unisex names that we were able to identify (i.e., those that were listed in the database as both male and female names). We recorded for both files the number of correct classifications (correct gender assigned to a name), misclassifications (wrong gender assigned to a name), and nonclassifications (no gender assigned). We then calculated the proportion of misclassifications and nonclassifications (errorCoded).Results:For File #1, errorCoded was 53% for NamSor, 65% for Gender API, and 90% for Wiki-Gendersort. For File #2, errorCoded was 43% for NamSor, 66% for Gender API, and 94% for Wiki-Gendersort.Conclusion:We found that all three gender detection tools inaccurately predicted the gender of individuals with Chinese given names in Pinyin format and therefore should not be used in this population.     

东北地区耕地产能空间分异规律及产能提升主导因子分析

耕地产能能够揭示耕地生产能力及生产潜力的数量和空间布局,对于合理利用和保护耕地、确保粮食安全具有重要意义。本文在东北地区三个层次产能核算成果的基础上,分析了8个二级区耕地产能的空间格局及其分异规律,并在农用地分等因素与耕地利用潜力的相关性分析基础上,对理论产能、可实现产能与分等因素进行回归分析,探讨各二级区内耕地产能提升的主导影响因子。研究结果表明,东北地区耕地综合生产能力以西部平原和松嫩平原地区最大,理论利用潜力、可实现利用潜力基本表现为黑龙江省、辽宁省、吉林省逐渐减少,理论利用强度、可实现利用强度表现为吉林省、辽宁省、黑龙江省逐渐减少。土壤障碍层深度、有机质含量、盐渍化程度、坡度等因子是影响东北地区产能提升的主导因子。研究可为区域耕地产能提升提供参考,为耕地资源数量质量并重管理、开展土地整理规划、耕地保护和动态监测、落实耕地占补平衡制度等提供技术支撑。