Innovation and business survival: A long-term approach

This paper explores the influence of innovation on the probability of survival of two hundred top British firms founded throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. To this end, we have collected the firms’ significant innovations and classified them by Schumpeterian types, patented and non-patented and domestic and imported. The number of patents registered by the firms throughout their lifetime ?a rough measure of their incremental innovation activity– has also been recorded. In addition, twelve control variables ?five characteristics of the firms and seven of their business leaders– have been included. Both log-normal and gamma duration models have been used in the analysis. They have been estimated, firstly for the whole set of firms and, secondly, for the manufacturing and the service firms separately to control for industry differences. The results of the log-normal and gamma estimations are highly coincident, with some nuances. The significant innovations ?particularly new processes, non-patented and domestic ones– have been found to positively influence the probability of business survival. The number of patent applications seems to increase the survival probability of the manufacturing firms, but not of the service ones. Among the control variables, the firm’s size, its international dimension, and the age of the business leader at entry seem to be the most influential ones on business survival, although there are some differences between manufacturing and services. The main results are robust to the division of the sample by entry period.     

Varieties of innovation and business survival: Does pursuit of incremental or far-ranging innovation make manufacturing establishments more resilient?

The transition from an industrial economy to an innovation economy poses two critical questions for the manufacturing sector in advanced countries. First, given the diffusion of modern manufacturing practices around the world, what level of innovation (incremental, more far-ranging, or radical) is most likely to support a resilient domestic manufacturing sector? Second, are assumed differences in the innovative capacity across space likely to hasten the decline of rural manufacturing? To answer these questions this research combines comprehensive measures of self-reported innovation able to reliably differentiate incremental and more far-ranging innovation with establishment-level data able to examine the geographical distribution of these different innovation strategies. The data used for the analysis includes a two-period panel of manufacturing establishments surveyed in 1996 and 2013 with annual employment data indicating survival in the intervening years. Our findings suggest that long-surviving manufacturing plants overwhelmingly gravitate away from non-innovation strategies toward incremental or more far-ranging innovation orientations. A survival advantage of far-ranging innovation over incremental innovation is observed for standalone firms. We do not identify a difference in the innovation orientations of rural and urban manufacturing establishments.     

世界女子平衡木技术发展的新趋向——第41届世界体操锦标赛分析

依据第41届世界体操锦标赛实况录像及相关资料,采用文献资料法、录像观察法及数理统计法,系统分析了当今世界女子平衡木技术发展的新趋向。发现：以舞蹈和技巧两类高难度的单个动作结合具有高连接价值的技巧连接、混合连接（或再结合转体二连接）及仅具有＂编排价值＂的A＋A舞蹈连接和低难度＂单转体＂,组成由最高难度的5个技巧和3个舞蹈动作构成的具有高D分价值的成套8个难度动作,是当今世界女子平衡木技术发展的新趋向。而适合新规则变化特点的＂技/平衡（D＋A）＂连接及＂转体/转体（C＋A或相反）＂的连接,还将被更多优秀选手用于提高成套动作的连接价值和增加成套动作的完成类型。     

世界女子平衡木技术发展的新趋势及中国的优势与不足

采用文献资料法、录像观察统计与比较等方法,系统分析了当今世界女子平衡木技术发展的新趋向及中国的优势与不足.以舞蹈和技巧两类高难度的单动作结合具有高连接价值的技巧连接、混合连接（或再结合转体二连接）及仅具有编排价值的低难度舞蹈直接串和单转体,组成由最高难度的5个技巧和3个舞蹈动作构成的具有高D分价值的成套8个动作,是女子平衡木技术发展的新趋向;中、外选手成套D分难度价值使用的技巧和舞蹈动作的比例及采用的完成形式相当,成套D分价值以中国最高,并对前空翻类、直体后空翻及羊跳等动作的个性化技术连接,占有领先优势;而减少连接停顿和失误、强化动作连接价值质量及提高成套动作完成的熟练稳定性等,还是中国女子平衡木亟待解决的首要问题.     

介孔材料的合成、特性和应用前景

介绍了介孔材料的合成、特性和应用前景．并把沸石类介孔材料与柱撑介孔材料的特性等进行比较。     

基于CELTS-41教育资源建设规范的图书馆管理系统的设计

CELTS标准体系是我国致力于规范教育资源的统一标准。其中CELTS-41是教育资源建设规范,该规范以学习对象元数据规范（LOM）为核心,并针对教育资源的特性建立分类数据元素。以CELTS-41规范为指导,结合我国高校图书馆实际情况,通过完整的需求分析,设计出基于CELTS-41教育资源建设规范的图书馆管理系统,并进行详尽的数据库设计。     

中外优秀女选手跳马动作编排特征及中国的优势与不足

依据第41届体操世锦赛和第11届全运会体操比赛实况录像及其相关资料,系统分析了中外女子跳马动作的编排特征及中国的优势与不足.发现：以第2组结合第3组（或第4组）动作及采用第4组结合第5组（或第2组）动作而搭配成具有高D分价值的两跳动作组合,分别是中、外优秀跳马女选手搭配两跳动作的主要编排特征;中国跳马动作的类型选择相对外国更具有可发展性,且顶尖选手的两跳难度也超过众多世界顶级优秀选手,但两跳动作的完成姿态、规格和质量及落地的稳定性等方面,均缺乏高水平竞争力,而且目前除程菲之外,中国尚没有可抗衡国际大赛的实力选手.     

从第41届世界体操锦标赛看世界女子体操发展趋势与竞争格局

对第41届世锦标赛女子体操比赛的技术发挥情况和成绩进行了统计、分析和研究。结果表明：中国队以6金2银1铜总计9块奖牌雄居榜首,继续保持世界体坛霸主地位。女子项目上,中国队的成绩比去年奥运稍好,何可欣夺得高低杠冠军及小将邓琳琳在平衡木项目上登顶。     

IZ-41型祥乐牌经济型多功能微耕机的设计

通过分析祥乐牌经济型多功能微耕机的设计思路、整机结构及原理、机构设计、多功能配置、经济型部件设计、试验结果等内容,论述了该机型的经济性和多功能的技术基础与效果。