Study of Hormone Receptors and Epidermal Growth Factor Expression in Invasive Breast Cancers in a Cohort of Western India

The objective of study was to evaluate and correlate the pathological characteristics of breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2/neu) detected by immunohistochemistry and/or fluorescent in situ hybridization method. We have conducted 2 year study of 204 cases of breast cancer at HCG-Medisurge Hospitals, Ahmedabad from 2009 to 2011. Significant correlation was found in ER and PR expression whereas no correlation was found in hormonal receptors and Her2/neu expression. ER and PR positivity increased with advancing age in breast carcinoma patients while not affecting Her2/neu expression. The expression of hormone receptors were higher in infiltrating lobular carcinoma and infiltrating duct carcinoma subtypes of breast carcinoma as compared to other subtypes such medullary and in situ carcinoma. High-grade carcinoma patients were predominantly ER/PR negative and Her2/neu positive as compared to lower grade breast carcinoma whereas high-stage carcinoma patients were ER/PR positive and Her2/neu positive as compared to lower stage breast carcinoma.     

中国各省份制造业R&D增长绩效差异:结构和竞争力效应

本文基于2000年和2009年全国R&D资源清查统计数据,运用偏离—份额分析法,对中国30个省份制造业R&D投入增长绩效差异及引致这种差异的结构和竞争力效应进行了分析,并得出大多数省份制造业R&D增长绩效差异主要受其竞争力效应影响的结论.各省份要进一步驱动R&D增长就必须提升其创新竞争力,特别要采取有效政策以加快创新要素聚集、改善创新环境并提升区域创新系统的创新活力.     

二元一次方程组在实际问题中的应用

本文以实际案例为依托,着重从解题思路和解题过程中折射出运用二元一次方程组解决实际问题的五大步骤。通过这种定型化思维的培养,使学生养成用数学建模思想和方程思想来解决生活中的实际问题的思维过程,这也是本文的价值和目的所在。     

数学建模是提高大学生综合素质的有效途径

如何提高学生的综合素质是当今的热门话题,在高等教育中,素质教育是一个较为薄弱的环节。要提高大学生综合素质,搞好大学数学教育是一个重要组成部分,而开展数学建模是加强大学数学教育、全面提高大学生综合素质的一个有效途径。     

对初中数学教学反思一点感触

论述了新课程标准下初中数学教师进行教学反思的必要性,并从初中数学教师＂如何撰写教学反思＂这一个角度上讨论了初中数学教师教学反思的策略和一点经验。     

冰雹灾害对黑龙江农业的影响及防御措施

冰雹是危害农业的主要自然灾害之一。冰雹灾害是一种局部地区性强、季节性明显、来势急、持续时间短、以砸伤为主的气象灾害,常伴有大风、暴雨,常给农牧业生产,尤其是给丰收在望的农作物带来重大损失,甚至颗粒无收。冰雹对农作物的危害特点,冰雹灾害的防御补救措施。     

System Analysis for Oxygen Uptake Kinetics with Step and Pseudorandom Binary Sequence Exercise in Endurance Athletes

We examined whether the system analysis for step and pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) exercises could be useful to characterize oxygen uptake (VO₂) kinetics of female sedentary subjects and endurance athletes. Breath-by-breath VO₂ was determined during step- and PRBS-cycle ergometer exercises. The time course of the VO₂ kinetics was evaluated by the time constant of the second phase, which should reflect the adjustment of the oxidative metabolism at the skeletal muscle level. The VO₂ kinetics were significantly faster in long-distance runners than in sedentary subjects for both exercises. A significant relationship was observed in the VO₂ kinetics obtained from step and PRBS exercises. In each group, there was no significant difference in the VO₂ kinetics for step and PRBS exercises. These results indicated that the system analysis with PRBS exercises revealed the faster VO₂ kinetics in endurance athletes than in sedentary subjects.     

A Tutorial on Centering in Cross-Sectional Two-Level Models

The primary purpose of this tutorial is to succinctly review some options for, and consequences of, centering Level 1 predictors in commonly applied cross-sectional two-level models. It is geared toward both practitioners and researchers. A general understanding of multilevel modeling is necessary prior to understanding the subtleties of centering decisions. A review of some high-quality journals within the broad discipline of exercise science provides evidence that multilevel modeling is used relatively infrequently in this field. Therefore, a secondary purpose is to introduce Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science readers to some core facets of multilevel modeling within the framework of this tutorial. A relevant dataset is used to demonstrate potential consequences of different centering decisions within a multilevel model. Depending on the model and the data, different centering decisions can exert non-trivial influence on the meaning of some model parameters, results from fitting the model, and subsequent conclusions.     

我国物流业TFP增长率的测算及分解

采用1997—2011年我国31个省区物流业面板数据建立随机生产边界模型,利用Kumbhakar等(2000)的方法对我国物流业TFP增长率进行测算和分解,分析表明:技术进步因素是我国物流业TFP增长的主要原因,技术效率改进、规模效率和配置效率因素均存在对技术进步因素的抵减效应;技术效率改进和规模效率因素的作用逐年递减,而配置效率因素的作用逐年上升。进一步对我国物流业TFP增长率的区域差异进行基尼分解,结果表明技术效率和配置效率是造成区域间物流业TFP增长率差异的主要原因,反映出各省区物流业发展存在较强的阶段差异。提升我国物流业长期发展水平,不仅依赖于先进技术和方法引进带来的技术进步因素,还必须注重提高技术效率、规模效率以及配置效率;减少物流业发展的区域差异,则需要提升落后地区的技术效率和配置效率。     

当前我国经济形势分析

从改革开放至今34年间,我国经济实现了年均增长速度接近10%的持续高速增长;2008年国际金融危机之后,在全球经济不景气的背景下,我国经济增长速度虽然较往年低,但还是处在世界领先位置。我国正处在工业化深化过程之中,工业增长仍有较大空间,但传统重工业和化学工业的市场需求日益接近"天花板",增长速度会逐步放慢;消费需求向下企稳,投资增速下滑,出口形势不容乐观;流动性不足,但通货膨胀压力仍然存在;房地产市场低迷,企业信心不足;同时,财政收入增长也将趋缓。总体上看,我国经济整体增长潜力下降,经济增长速度将放慢;净出口将长期处于稳中趋降的态势,未来经济增长主要靠内需拉动;降低财政收入在GDP中的比重有助于内需扩大,促进经济稳定增长。