历史文献学归属小议

由于历史文献学的学科属性和研究对象在当前学术界仍然存在很大的争议。在此,文章在总结前辈们对于文献学,尤其是历史文献学的学科属性和研究对象等问题观点的基础上,通过应用文理交叉的交叉学科的研究方法,将历史文献学从大文献学中分出来并区别于其他专科文献学,进而阐述关于历史文献学的学科属性及其研究对象的一些看法。     

“立法”立场的法律发现——以历史法学为切入点

在对法律发现的理解上,主要有两种观点:一是从法的起源角度,另外是从法的适用的角度。目前,学界则更多是从司法视角去透视法律发现理论,立法立场的法律发现观鲜有提及。以历史法学为切入点,剖析立法立场的法律发现观的产生背景、观点及其影响,期待对该理论有个"全景式"理解。     

中国体育类博物馆的历史演进

综合运用历史学、体育学、博物馆学等相关理论与方法,通过对第一手资料的分析,梳理中国体育类博物馆产生和发展的曲折历程,并总结其历史经验。研究认为,中国体育类博物馆的产生发展共经历了三个阶段:第一阶段为中国体育类博物馆的滥觞期,其标志性事件是1940年国民体育大会上首次提出筹设"中央体育卫生博物馆"的建议并形成提案。第二阶段为中国国内体育类博物馆的兴起期,其标志性事件是随着改革开放后体育事业的腾飞和1990年北京亚运会的举办,中国体育博物馆的酝酿、筹备、建馆及开馆。第三阶段是中国国内体育类博物馆的发展期,随着2008年北京奥运会的成功举办和中国进入新时代,在党中央提出文化大发展和建设体育强国目标下,各地体育博物馆在短时间内如雨后春笋般地涌现,呈现出地方政府、地方体育部门、体育组织、企业、高校、民间开办各类体育博物馆的热潮。     

贺龙体育思想的实践品格、历史贡献及当代价值

贺龙是新中国体育事业的主要开拓者和奠基人。贺龙体育思想形成于实践,在实践中不断检验、总结并得以发展和提高,具有鲜明的时代特征和实践品格。幼时生活的环境熏陶、多年从军的革命生涯和主管体育后的基本国情,共同影响着贺龙体育思想及实践。贺龙认为体育工作应以人民性和政治性为根本宗旨;要从实际出发,深入基层调研;应注重运动员全面发展,提高体育科学化水平。主政国家体委后,贺龙灵活运用马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指导新中国体育事业,形成了具有中国特色的社会主义体育思想和竞技体育发展模式,在引导民众树立科学的体育观、培养全面发展的运动员以及建立常态化和制度化的体育工作联席制度等方面,为新时代我国体育事业发展积累了可资借鉴的重要经验。贺龙体育思想及实践是开创中国社会主义体育事业基本理论及实践的重要组成部分。     

An empirical framework for understanding how teachers conceptualize and cultivate historical empathy in students

This study reports the results of a case study of four teachers' beliefs about the nature of historical empathy and their means of cultivating such empathy in secondary school classrooms. The results of multiple interviews and lesson observations of history teachers in England suggest that teachers conceptualize empathy in bounded but not parsimonious ways, shaped by the realities of trying to teach it to students; that they select from broad repertoires of strategies, including major activities as well as small‐scale discourse strategies, heretofore largely unexamined; and that they recognize ways in which their empathetic goals exist in tension with other teaching aims, creating dilemmas they must manage rather than definitively resolve. Significant discrepancies between how these teachers actually think and practice and how empathy teaching is discussed in the educational literature suggest that research stands to benefit by attending more closely to teachers' ideas.     

A Study Of The Relationship Between Grade And Age And Variability

Power and stability of Type I error rates are investigated for the Box-Scheffé test of homogeneity of variance with varying subsample sizes under conditions of normality and nonnormality. The test is shown to be robust to violation of the normality assumption when sampling is from a leptokurtic population. Subsample sizes which produce maximum power are given for small, intermediate, and large sample situations. Suggestions for selecting subsample sizes which will produce maximum power for a given n are provided. A formula for estimating power in the equal n case is shown to give results agreeing with empirical results.     

The Role of Initial Learning,Problem Features,Prior Knowledge,and Pattern Recognition on Transfer Success

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that transfer ability (positive and negative) varies depending on the nature of the problems, using the knowledge transfer matrix, as well as being dependent on the individual differences of the learner. A total of 178 participants from the United States and New Zealand completed measures of prior knowledge, pattern recognition, a positive transfer problem, and a negative transfer problem. Nearly 11% of participants could not successfully solve the base problem after the initial learning phase. The problem condition was a significant predictor of positive transfer success, while no significant differences were found for negative transfer, although, there was ample evidence of negative transfer. Furthermore, prior knowledge was only a significant predictor for problems in which the structural features between the problems were different. Future directions are discussed in regard to the initial learning phase, differences in transfer success, and the need for measures of negative transfer.     

Scientific Reasoning,School Achievement and Gender: a Multilevel Study of between and within School Effects in Finland

The relationships between reasoning and school achievement were studied taking into account the multilevel nature (school- and class-levels) of the data. We gathered data from 51 classes at seven schools in metropolitan and Eastern Finland (N = 769, 395 males, 15-year-old students). To study scientific reasoning, we used a modified version of Science Reasoning Tasks, tapping control-of-variable schemata. Analyses were conducted by MLwiN2.10 multilevel modelling. The present results showed that the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of schools for scientific reasoning is 7% and that the corresponding ICC of classes is 10%. Whereas the first finding confirms earlier PISA results, the second finding provides new insights into class variation within schools. In practice, class composition seems to be an efficient solution to meeting the differing needs of individual students.     

Historicity as a legitimising argument in the case of the Greek educational reforms of 1985 and 1997–1998 in general and technical‐vocational education

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the ‘historical argument’, namely references to the educational policies and practices of other historical periods, was used by Greek politicians in the framework of the 1985 and 1997–1998 educational reforms. Employing the method of quantitative and qualitative content analysis, the authors attempt, on the basis of original sources (parliamentary debates/minutes) both to count and interpret the historical references.     

The Introduction of English‐language Education in Early Colonial Hong Kong

This article examines the attitudes of the colonial and metropolitan governments towards the promotion of English‐language education on Hong Kong Island between 1842 and 1860. The study, which draws on a range of unpublished primary sources, was conducted in response to Whitehead’s recent call for detailed case studies of colonial education policies. This article explores, within the context of Hong Kong, a centrally important aspect of education in the Empire, and one that has been the subject of surprisingly little archival research: British policies towards the teaching and learning of English as a second language. The article begins by analysing the political, economic and demographic forces that influenced the study and use of English in Hong Kong during the 1840s and 1850s, and then moves on to examine language policies and practices in the colony’s mission schools, with a particular focus on the Morrison Education Society School, the first Western school to be established on the Island after the British occupation. The final section analyses the introduction of English teaching in the government vernacular schools in the early 1850s.