黑土土壤水分光谱响应特征与模型

为揭示土壤水分对土壤反射率的影响机理,并为其他土壤参数遥感监测提供理论支持,以吉林省德惠市黑土野外、室内高光谱反射率为研究对象,运用光谱分析方法与统计分析方法,分析土壤水分光谱特征,建立土壤水分光谱模型,得出以下结论：土壤光谱反射率在400-2500 nm范围内主要有5个吸收谷,随着含水量的增加,土壤光谱吸收谷的面积增大;而秸秆光谱反射率在土壤前2个吸收谷附近没有明显的吸收特征;未翻耕土壤由于秸秆残茬的影响,第二吸收谷左右两部分面积比例增大,这一特征可用于判别土壤是否翻种;土壤表层0-5cm含水量与反射光谱数据的相关性强于5-10cm;土壤含水量与土壤光谱反射率之间是指数或线性关系;土壤含水量高光谱模型稳定性较好、精度较高,可以用于土壤含水量的速测。     

松嫩平原土壤有机质含量高光谱反演研究

采集松嫩平原典型类型土壤样本252个.室内条件下测定了风干后土样的光谱.对原始光谱数据作预处理后,分别运用多元线性逐步回归法和偏最小二乘法建立土壤有机质含量高光谱预测模型.结果表明,采用2种方法建立的模型均可满足有机质含量速测要求,但偏最小二乘法得到的模型更具稳健性.     

三岔河流域坡耕地垄向与侵蚀沟分布耦合分析

黑土区坡耕地的侵蚀沟发育发展与耕作措施密切相关,垄向分布对沟蚀的影响机制研究能够为黑土区采取更合理有效的耕种措施提供科学依据。本文以东北典型黑土区的三岔河流域为研究区,基于2013年地理国情普查提供的高精度基础数据获取耕地垄向和侵蚀沟数据,对沟蚀密度和裂度与耕地垄向角之间的关系进行定量分析,并研究了不同垄向下沟蚀与地形的耦合作用。研究结果表明：①研究区坡耕地横坡耕作的趋势非常明显;②研究区耕地沟蚀强度为中度侵蚀;③耕地垄向角与沟蚀密度和裂度显著负相关,即随着垄向角的增大,研究区耕地的平均沟蚀密度和裂度呈线性下降趋势,横坡垄中的侵蚀沟密度和裂度最大,其中垄向角和沟蚀密度的线性拟合效果最好,沟蚀裂度稍差;④不同耕地垄向中的侵蚀沟分布具有明显的地形分异特征：当海拔大于280 m时,各垄向耕作都不能有效地抵御侵蚀沟的产生;当坡度大于15°时,横坡垄中的沟蚀裂度最小,但仍高于缓坡各垄向耕地中的沟蚀裂度;各耕作垄向在阴坡对侵蚀沟面积的影响无明显差异。     

采煤塌陷对中国西部风沙区土壤质量的影响机制及修复措施

中国西部风沙区生态环境脆弱,煤炭井工开采造成土体坍塌,产生地表裂缝,导致地下水位下降、土壤含水量减少、土壤养分流失、土壤酶活性降低、微生物数量和群落结构发生变化、土壤沙化、植被死亡以及生物多样性破坏等生态环境问题。主要剖析近年来煤炭地下开采对西部风沙区土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物和植被生长等方面的影响机制,提出塌陷区土壤环境破坏的修复措施。指出今后的研究应集中于采煤塌陷区土壤质量的恢复和土壤微生物多样性的演替规律方面,为中国西部风沙区采煤塌陷地的生态修复提供理论基础和技术支持。     

Reclaiming America: the quest for home in Shawn Wong’s Homebase

ABSTRACT

With its dynamic narrative, Shawn Wong's Homebase recounts the story of four generations of a Chinese family searching for a homebase on the land of the United States. Personal experiences, family chronicles, and Chinese American history are portrayed through various forms, including short stories, correspondences, student essays, memories, and dreams. A major theme of the novel is geographically and spiritually “reclaiming America,” or attempts by Chinese Americans to make the United States their “real” home. The protagonist's way to reclaim America involves revisiting landmarks and other places in the United States where his father and grandfather had traveled, through which he tries to discover the meaning of his own life in the United States and thereby to find his personal identity and home in this country. In drawing the topography of Chinese American history, Shawn Wong not only inscribed Chinese American presence on those places where the protagonist's forefathers had lived and worked, but also used legends to implant their heritage into those soils. Shawn Wong hopes that through his writing he can build for Chinese Americans a history, a cultural foundation with myths and legends of their own. Only when a people's myths spread over the land they inhabit can the land truly be considered theirs. The Chinese American identity shaped in Homebase is heroism, rooted in the ethnic identity of the male Chinese American in the American West, and this is the “home” that the protagonist as well as many other Chinese Americans ever quest for.     

Poverty,violence, and family disorganization: Three “Hydras” and their role in children's street movement in Bangladesh

The increasing number of children running away from home in Bangladesh is a major concern, and in need of critical attention. This yearlong study explores why children leave home with a sample of street children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Purposive sampling from three locations in Dhaka yielded a sample of 75 homeless children aged 10–17. For each participant, a 60–90 min in-depth qualitative interview was conducted multiple times. While the dominant explanations rely on poverty or abuse, the findings of this study reveal that the cause is actually three heads of a Hydra monster: poverty, abuse, and family disorganization and their interactions. It shows that the primary reasons for children breaking from their family are all interrelated. The findings from this study are likely to add knowledge regarding the issues and may lead to preventative interventions for street children and their families.     

两种土壤基质条件下鸡眼草对水分胁迫和丛枝菌根真菌的响应

盆栽实验条件下,研究了种植在两种土壤基质的豆科草本植物鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)对水分胁迫和丛枝菌根真菌的响应。水分处理为对照(土壤相对含水量为70%~80%)和中度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量为45%~55%),菌根真菌处理为接种和不接种处理。结果表明,水分和基质均影响菌根真菌的侵染率,水分胁迫降低侵染率,条件较好的基质1菌根真菌的侵染率明显高于条件较差的基质2。两种基质条件下,接种菌根真菌都显著降低叶片丙二醛含量(P<0.05)但提高了可溶性糖含量、增加了鸡眼草的分枝数和提高了鸡眼草的地上部分和地下部分生物量。干旱胁迫处理,基质1下菌根真菌提高植物抗旱性的效果为4.29%,而基质2下菌根真菌提高植物抗旱性的效果为11.29%。     

人工挖孔灌注桩施工若干难点技术

广东发展大厦人工挖孔灌注桩施工中，在穿越软弱土层，施工排水，持力层，入岩的确认以及桩芯混凝土质量控制等方面，为确保桩基础施工质量所采取的有效技术措施。     

松嫩平原主要土壤光谱特征分析

为了揭示松嫩平原主要土壤反射光谱特性、探讨该区土壤参数光谱速测方法,利用地物高光谱仪室内测定松嫩平原农安县主要类型土壤的光谱反射率,运用统计分析方法分析土壤参数与土壤光谱反射率及其数学变换形式的关系,并得到土壤有机质高光谱预测模型。结果表明：⑴ 有机质是松嫩平原主要土壤反射光谱特性的主要影响因素,由于区域（母质、气候等）的差异,即使同类土壤的反射光谱特性差异也很显著;⑵ 铁对松嫩平原农安县主要土壤的反射率光谱特性的影响较小;⑶ 基于反射光谱特性的有机质含量模型可以用于该区有机质含量的速测;⑷ 松嫩平原主要土壤有机质含量与总氮含量有显著的相关性,利用有机质含量高光谱预测模型可以部分揭示土壤总氮含量状况。     

The Literacy Early Action Project (LEAP): exploring factors underpinning progress with literacy for a child in his first year of school

In this article, Anthony Feiler, senior lecturer in the Graduate School of Education at the University of Bristol, and Elaine Logan, lecturer in early years education at the City of Bristol College, present a case study of a child who made strong progress with literacy during his first year at school. The child and his family participated in the Literacy Early Action Project (LEAP), a home-visiting scheme for children judged by school staff to be at risk of struggling with literacy. A teaching assistant made weekly home visits during the year and developed literacy support activities with the child's mother and grandparents. Five key factors underpinning the child's progress are identified here: the flexibility in the teaching assistant's approach that enabled extended family members to become engaged in literacy support; the teaching assistant's sensitivity to family culture; the playful approach to learning adopted by the teaching assistant; putting the child at the centre of the intervention; and the existence of a school culture that strongly promoted involvement for parents. Anthony Feiler and Elaine Logan conclude that teaching assistants in the UK might be given more scope to develop support strategies for early childhood education that involve collaborative work with parents.