Neuromuscular Control Mechanisms and Strategy in Arm Movements of Attempted Supranormal Speed

Abstract

Rapid, goal-directed elbow flexion movements were examined under interacting conditions of inertial loading and resistance to movement initiation. The resistance ceased when movement began, resulting in quick release movements. Inertial load slowed the movement and lengthened the agonist and antagonist electromyographic (EMG) burst durations. The quick release resulted in larger accelerations but only minimal changes in peak velocity. Most aspects of the triphasic EMG pattern were little affected by the quick release, but the build up of agonist EMG and the corresponding rate of static force development differed markedly between load and quick release conditions. These and other data suggest that the specific pattern of agonist muscle activation is set according to neuromuscular constraints of the antagonist muscle and the expectation of movement dynamics.     

A randomised controlled trial of movement quality-focused exercise versus traditional resistance exercise for improving movement quality and physical performance in trained adults

ABSTRACT

The aim of this trial was to compare an eight-week individual movement quality versus traditional resistance training intervention on movement quality and physical performance. Forty-six trained adults were randomised to a movement quality-focused training (MQ) or a traditional resistance training (TRAD) group, and performed two individualised training sessions per week, for 8 weeks. Session-RPE (sRPE) was obtained from each session. Measures of movement quality (MovementSCREEN and Functional Movement Screen (FMS)) and physical performance were performed pre- and post-intervention. All measures improved significantly in both groups (3–14.5%, p = <0.005). The between-group difference in MovementSCREEN composite score was not statistically significant (0.3, 95% CI ?3.4, 4.1, p = 0.852). However, change in FMS composite was significantly greater in MQ (1.3, 95% CI 0.8, 1.8, p < 0.001). There were no significant between-group differences in physical performance (p = 0.060–0.960). The mean sRPE was significantly lower in MQ (5.25, SD 1.2) compared to TRAD (6.6 SD 1.0, p = <0.001). Thus, although movement quality scores were not distinctly greater in the MQ group, a movement quality specific intervention caused comparable improvements in physical performance compared to traditional resistance training but at lower perceived training intensity.     

Rapid Movement Kinematic and Electromyographic Control Characteristics in Males and Females

Abstract

Maximally fast, self-terminated, elbow flexion movements were performed by 10 male and 10 female college-aged subjects to assess potential gender-related differences in kinematics and the triphasic electromyographic (EMG) pattern. The subjects were instructed to move their forearms as fast as possible through 90° of elbow flexion range of motion and stop as sharply as possible at the terminal point. An electromagnet, set to 0, 40, and 70% of each subject's maximal isometric torque, provided resistance to movement initiation and resulted in quick release movements. Surface EMG was collected from the biceps b. and triceps b. muscles. Results indicated that the males had faster movements and accelerations under all conditions. EMG records indicated that the males had faster rates of EMG rise, particularly in the triceps b., and more tightly coupled reciprocal activation. The quick release afforded faster accelerations for both groups, yet only the males moved faster throughout the full range of motion. Following the quick release, the males differed from the females by increasing the triceps b. EMG amplitude. Hence, the males were able to shorten movement time in quick release movements by increasing triceps b. activation and, thus, braking ability. These results suggest that the females were more neurally constrained than the males with respect to rapid EMG activation of the triceps b., resulting in limits in the braking process.     

The Development of Curricular Knowledge: A Case of Problematic Pedagogical Content Knowledge during Advanced Knowledge Acquisition

Abstract

The study examined, what and how 12 K-8 physical education teacher education (PETE) majors learned, about a movement approach that was discrepant from their experiences with physical education. This article describes one portion of the findings: what and, how PETE majors learned about a movement approach to game play/strategy and mechanisms of advanced knowledge acquisition that contributed to confusion about this topic. Analytic induction and constant comparison were used to analyze qualitative data from interviews, observations, and relevant documents. Eleven PETE majors initially maintained partial or inaccurate conceptions about a movement approach to game play/strategy or taught the content in ways that were inconsistent with their goals for physical education, their knowledge about learning and teaching game skills, and the information presented by faculty and cooperating teachers. Interacting with students' prior knowledge and what and how faculty taught, the following learning mechanisms contributed to confusion: (a) overgeneratizing a contrast between a movement and traditional approach, (b) forming associations prior to adequate differentiation, and (c) overrelying on bottom-up thinking when intially developing lesson/unit progressions.     

Fundamental movement skills and their relationship with measures of health-related physical fitness of primary school children prior to secondary school transition: a Welsh perspective

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study were to investigate levels of fundamental movement skills (FMS) proficiency and their relationship with measures of health-related physical fitness of primary school children prior to their transition to high school in Wales. The results demonstrated that overall levels of FMS proficiency with these children were low with significant differences existing between the genders. In addition, the measures of health-related physical fitness significantly correlated with FMS proficiency in both genders. In summary, these findings suggest that primary school children lack the foundational elements to support their transition to high school physical education.     

Weibliche Bildung und Bildungspolitik: das International Council of Women und seine Kongresse in Chicago (1893), London (1899) und Berlin (1904)

The International Council of Women (ICW), founded in Washington in 1888, was the first international association of bourgeois women. Planned as a federation of women’s organisations united in national associations, it dealt with every question of the social, legal and political status of women. As for earlier national women’s movements, education held a key position; it was the means by which women were striving for emancipation and equal rights of the sexes. As late as 1909, however, when there already existed commitees for peace, law, morality or welfare, and on the other hand the congresses had lost their importance, a commitee for education was constituted. Its goal was to achieve the equality of boys and girls in the educational system and to increase women’s influence on education and school administration, in order to “civilise” children and teach them social responsibility and democracy. In the face of the cultural differences, which influenced the national educational systems as societal sub‐systems, exchange within the commitee for education had been operationalised by detailed research questions. However, the world congresses in Chicago, London and Berlin, which will be dealt with in more detail, still showed the complete variety of controversies in and between the countries. This essay will ask if or how, despite a variety of political and cultural differences, transnational understanding was possible, which educational topics were negotiated – i.e. were for the first time made understandable for an international audience with regard to their national contexts. It will ask in which way this debate was re‐“translated” into national debates and reform processes regarding education, and how then, based on new foundations, it was possible to exert influence there; in which way, on the other hand, did national solutions influence the transnational debate? By the example of these discussions it will be shown in what way these ICW congresses (their programmes and topics, their invitation, science and education policies) contributed to the development of an interplay with achieving national and international competence. This multi‐level communication on the topic of female education policy will be made clear through the examples of three educational fields: nursery school education, child study, as well as university studies for women and “female science”.     

五四时期马克思主义的翻译

以反对帝国主义侵略和卖国政府丧权辱国为直接目标的"五四"运动,到后来终于发展成为一个具有彻底地、不妥协地、反帝反封建性质的革命政治运动,和一个充满战斗性的文化启蒙运动。政治运动与文化运动两者密切结合,互相推动,但都离不开马克思列宁主义的先进理论的指导作用。因此,大量介绍马克思列宁主义文献,就成为五四时期翻译活动的一大特点。     

Values in Action

The focus of the Thirty-Second Dudley Allen Sargent Lecture is the role of values in kinesiology. As the options of what we can do in our personal and professional lives increase due to such forces as advancing technologies and globalization, the more vexing and pressing question is frequently: What should we do? With deference to the impact of Dudley Allen Sargent on the shaping of our field and with reference to his values as a case study, I will consider innovative curricular approaches to values in action for tomorrow's world.     

Haunting Argentina: Synecdoche in the protests of the mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

Since April, 1977, Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires have marched every Thursday at 3:30, demanding information about their disappeared children. In this essay, we analyze the protests of the Mothers by means of the metaphor of haunting and suggest that their symbols‐diapers as kerchiefs, slogans and sayings, circling the plaza, and marches‐enact a haunting by means of synecdoche. Synecdoche allows the Mothers to manage the trauma of the disappeared but is less effective at generating ways for Argentina to move out of the limbo of the disappearances.     

论舞狮运动中舞尾者的针对性核心力量训练

采用文献资料法探究在舞狮运动中舞狮尾者所动用的核心肌群,及其所需具备的力量素质的先进协调训练方法,以指导舞狮运动的训练,以使舞狮表演或比赛时,具有更好的效果,并推进舞狮运动在全国甚至全世界的广泛开展。