核心力量训练对提高网球球速的实证研究

运用文献资料法、专家调查法、教学实验法以及数理统计法等方法,对天津体育学院网球运动员的核心力量训练的手段与方法进行了研究。并利用球速实验进行测试,用以评价核心力量训练对专项素质的影响,结果表明,通过核心力量训练,对网球专项训练中的发球球速和正手击球球速都有着一定程度的提高。     

中国足坛“假、赌、黑”三大顽症的主要成因及遏制策略

采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法深入探究中国足坛“假球、赌球、黑哨”三大顽症滋生的主要成因,并据此提出针对性的干预措施和遏制策略。认为经济利益驱使、核心价值观迷失、管理部门定位不清、相关法律法规不健全以及人性的深层需求影响造成了“假球、赌球、黑哨”三大顽症滋生。为消除这一现象,应当破解足球俱乐部的生存困境,重建足球从业群体的核心价值观,重新定位足协角色,建立反赌监控机构和常态监管机制,尝试将体育博彩业公开化、有限合法化和适度开放,应积极借鉴国外打击“假球、赌球、黑哨”的经验。     

试论军中开展球类运动对军人体能素质的影响研究

以2006年版《军人体能标准》为主要理论参考依据,以广州某部为实验对象,研究球类项目对军人体能的影响。通过对比实验表明,球类运动能增强军人的力量、速度、耐力、灵敏等体能素质,同时增强了军人体能训练的趣味性,促进军人体能达标等,应在军队体能训练中推广球类运动。     

集体球类项目运动员反复冲刺能力的能量代谢机制的研究现状

对于集体球类项目(篮球、足球、橄榄球、手球等)来讲,运动员为了有效地完成比赛的技战术要求,取得竞争优势,必须在场上进行反复的高强度冲刺活动,所以反复冲刺的能力(Repeated-sprint ability:RSA)对运动员的竞技表现是至关重要的。本文旨在通过对国内外集体球类项目运动员反复冲刺能力的研究成果进行梳理分析,总结归纳出反复冲刺能力的能量代谢基础、测试方法及影响因素,以期能对我国竞技水平普遍不高的集体球类运动项目的科学化训练提供理论指导。     

薄壁四点接触球轴承配合接触特性有限元分析

在实际情况下,薄壁四点轴承与轴承座、轴的配合对薄壁轴承载荷分布、承载能力、轴承刚度有着很大影响。建立腕关节薄壁四点接触球轴承—基座—空心轴构成的轴承系统有限元模型以模拟轴承配合,从而选择最佳配合模型,对实际情况下的轴承配合具有指导意义。基于 ANSYS 有限元软件建立薄壁四点接触轴承不同配合的有限元模型,通过对不同配合模型接触特性进行有限元分析,得出薄壁四点接触球轴承较为精确的椭圆接触区域形状和四点接触状态。对于轴承配合模型 H7 在内外套圈与空心轴及基座接触时有明显应力集中现象,由于轴承滚珠并非在侧面对称,导致轴承与基座及空心轴在靠近滚珠的一边出现应力集中情况。对不同配合的有限元模型进行静态接触特性分析,发现各轴承配合整体等效应力最大值、外圈等效应力最大值、接触应力最大值、基座等效应力最大值区别不大,选择 K7/j7 的轴承配合模型才能使轴承内圈与空心轴的最大等效应力最小。计算结果较为精确地模拟了薄壁四点接触球轴承的接触特性和载荷分布规律,对于实际情况下轴承装配具有一定指导意义。     

Differences in ball speed and accuracy of tennis groundstrokes between elite and high-performance players

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to identify and compare ball speed and hitting accuracy of forehand and backhand groundstrokes between ATP professionals (elite) and high-performance youth players when shots were played cross-court and down the line to a target square. Six elite and seven high-performance tennis players volunteered to participate in the study. A Doppler-radar device and a digital video camera, operating at 120 frames per second, were used to measure ball speed and accuracy of forehand and backhand groundstrokes in the respective situation (cross-court and down the line). The results of 1040 measured groundstrokes indicate that the ball speed of the forehand and the backhand ground stroke was higher in the elite group when analysing (1) all valid shots, (2) the six fastest shots, and (3) the six most accurate shots (all P < 0.05). In addition, all players achieved a higher forehand speed compared with their backhand when balls were directed cross-court (P < 0.01). The participants demonstrated similar ability when considering accuracy of their groundstrokes (P > 0.05). However, a group difference for accuracy was identified when considering the six fastest forehand shots (P<0.05), and the forehand cross-court stroke was played more accurately than the backhand cross-court stroke by both groups (valid shots and six most accurate shots, P<0.05). Moreover, there was no evidence that players who impacted the ball faster were any less accurate than those who impacted the ball more slowly. Analyses for participants actually revealed a negative correlation between ball speed and mean radial error (accuracy) for the backhand down the line (r= ? 0.77, P<0.01). According to the results of this study, ball speed seems to be the determining factor that separates elite from sub-elite tennis players.     

柔力球运动在湖北高校开展状况的调查研究

通过问卷调查了解到,湖北省有13所高校开设了柔力球课程,学校数目较多;2003年,湖北高校首次将该项目引入公共体育教学,时间持续较长;授课班级499个、规模大;大学生参与学习的人数为14612人,人数居多;课程内容设置主要以规定套路和柔力球竞技为主,内容统一。男同学以柔力球竞技比赛为主,女同学以柔力球规定套路练习为主,男女选择柔力球练习内容存在差异。该项目在湖北高校公共体育教学方面具备独特的优势,已经具备了开设柔力球课程的必要性和可行性,同时,也将对全国普通高校柔力球运动的开展和推广起到一定的借鉴和示范意义。     

瑞士球核心稳定性训练对心肺及其调节功能影响的实验研究

观察为期四周瑞士球核心稳定性训练（球上跪姿抬臂）对普通女大学生心率变异性和最大吸氧量的影响规律。利用芬兰产的POLAR S810i遥测心率表及瑞典产的MONARK 839E有氧功率车为工具,测量比较了四周瑞士球核心稳定性训练前后18名普通女大学生（实验组10人,对照组8人）心率变异性指标、最大吸氧量以及血压、心率的变化。经过四周锻炼,实验组的10名受试者均能在瑞士球上维持跪姿抬臂标准姿势5min。实验组最大吸氧量绝对值呈现极显著性增加（P〈0.01）,相对值呈现显著性增加（P〈0.05）、舒张压、心率则出现了显著性降低（P〈0.05）;SD、RMSSD以及HF都出现了显著性增加（P〈0.05）。对照组各项指标均未出现显著性差异（P〉0.05）。四周瑞士球核心稳定性训练可显著提高心肺功能,降低安静时交感神经的紧张性,增加副交感神经的紧张性。提示该训练方法对强身健体、缓解压力可能有显著性作用。     

Quantifying the nature of anticipation in professional tennis

Abstract

We quantify the nature and frequency of anticipation behaviours in professional tennis using video coding of incidents where the time delay between the opponent's stroke and the reaction of the player were recorded. We argue that anticipation is based on uncertain information and should lead in some situations to erroneous decisions. We identified the transition between reaction (with 100% accuracy in the selection of where the ball is played on the court) and anticipation (with less than 100% accuracy) as being 140–160 ms after ball contact. Anticipation behaviours occurred on between 6.14% and 13.42% of the coded situations. These anticipation behaviours appeared almost exclusively in ‘unfavourable’ situations, where the opponent had a significant tactical advantage, with the type of playing surface having only a limited effect. Moreover, the decrease in accuracy with shorter response times is not monotonic, with an increase in response accuracy being observed for times shorter than 120 ms before ball contact. We propose that very early anticipation behaviours occur when players use significant context-specific information before the opponent's stroke. When such information is not available, players produce anticipation behaviours that are closer to the moment of ball–racket contact using information that is more likely to be based on the opponent's preparation of the stroke. This study opens new directions for research focusing on the testing and training of anticipation in fast ball sports.     

Physical Activity Practices in Elementary Schools and Associations With Physical Education Staffing and Training

Purpose: Authorities recommend that schools provide a variety of opportunities for students to obtain physical activity (PA) before, during, and after school. This study assessed the prevalence of several school PA practices—including measures of quantity and quality of physical education (PE)—in elementary schools and examined the associations of PA practices with school resources (PE staffing, training, and facilities). Method: Surveys were obtained from respondents in nationally representative samples of elementary schools from 2009–2010 to 2011–2012 (1,831 schools). Results: Few schools (20.8%) provided students with PE class every day, but most (76.3%) had an appropriate PE student-to-teacher ratio ( ≤ 25:1). Many schools (74.0%) offered 20 min of recess daily, but fewer than half offered organized opportunities for PA before or after school (e.g., sports). After controlling for demographics and school size, having a full-time PE teacher and requiring PE teachers to obtain PE-related continuing education (CE) were associated with PE practices such as offering ≥ 150 min of PE per week (for 3rd-grade students) and testing PE knowledge, skills, and fitness. Required CE was also associated with a higher likelihood of offering PA during the school day (i.e., activity breaks and PA outside of PE class) and before or after the school day (i.e., afterschool PA programs). Conclusion: Few schools offer a broad array of PA programming. However, PE staffing and CE are positively associated with many PA practices including those outside of PE, possibly indicating that PE staff serve a crucial role in promoting a whole-school PA-supportive environment.