The biomechanical characteristics of high-performance endurance running

The biomechanical profile of high-level endurance runners may represent a useful model that could be used for developing training programmes designed to improve running style. This study, therefore, sought to compare the biomechanical characteristics of high-performance and recreational runners. Kinematic and kinetic measurements were taken during overground running from a cohort of 14 high-performance (8 male) and 14 recreational (8 male) runners, at four speeds ranging from 3.3 to 5.6?m?s^?1. Two-way ANOVA analysis was then used to explore group and speed effects and principal component analysis used to explore the interdependence of the tested variables. The data showed the high-performance runners to have a gait style characterised by an increased vertical velocity of the centre of mass and a flight time that was 11% longer than the recreational group. The high-performance group were also observed to adopt a forefoot strike pattern, to contact the ground with their foot closer to their body and to have a larger ankle moment. Importantly, although observed group differences were mostly independent of speed, the tested variables showed a high degree of interdependence suggesting an underlying unitary phenomenon. This is the first study to compare high-performance and recreational runners across a full range of kinematic and kinetic variables. The results suggest that high-performance runners maintain stride length with a prolonged aerial phase, rather than by landing with a more extended knee. These findings motivate future intervention studies that should investigate whether recreational runners could benefit from instruction to decrease shank inclination at foot contact.     

No effect of HMB or α-HICA supplementation on training-induced changes in body composition

β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (calcium: HMB-Ca and free acid: HMB-FA) and α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (α-HICA) are leucine metabolites that have been proposed to improve body composition and strength when combined with resistance exercise training (RET). In this double-blind randomized controlled pragmatic trial, we evaluated the effects of off-the-shelf supplements: α-HICA, HMB-FA and HMB-Ca, on RET-induced changes in body composition and performance. Forty men were blocked randomized to receive α-HICA (n?=?10, fat-free mass [FFM]?=?62.0?±?7.1?kg), HMB-FA (n?=?11, FFM?=?62.7?±?10.5?kg), HMB-Ca (n?=?9, FFM?=?65.6?±?10.1?kg) or placebo (PLA; n?=?10, FFM?=?64.2?±?5.7?kg). The training protocol consisted of a whole-body resistance training routine, thrice weekly for 8 weeks. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and total body water (TBW) by whole-body bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), both at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8. Time-dependent changes were observed for increase in trunk FFM (p?相似文献   

父母教养方式对大学生子女体重指数和身体活动行为的影响研究

运用问卷调查法和数理统计法,对176名大学生及其父母的饮食、身体活动及教养方式进行调查分析。结果显示,子女同父母在体重指数（BMI）上具有显著正相关关系（r=19,P＜05）,而在每周平均身体活动量上无显著相关（r=08,P=17）。回归分析表明,三类教养方式对子女BMI均无直接预测作用,然而专制型父母教养方式对父母与子女BMI的相关关系起间接调节作用（P＜01）;在子女身体活动行为方面,溺爱型父母教养方式更有可能导致子女的身体活动不足（P＜01）。研究结果表明,大学生离开家庭环境后,父母教养方式仍然对子女BMI和身体活动行为产生持续影响,父母与子女BMI方面存在相关关系。为今后在青少年肥胖干预及身体活动促进研究中纳入教养方式因素提供了实证依据。     

北京区（县）体育社会组织的现状调查与分析

体育社会组织是群众体育发展的结构性支撑,在中国体育社会组织整体架构中,区（县）级体育社会组织是组织群众体育活动开展的重要平台。运用社会调查法、文献资料法和逻辑分析法,对北京市区（县）体育社会组织的基本情况进行调查,认为北京市体育社会化改革取得了长足进展,但真正实现政社分离还任重道远;体育社会组织对政府的依赖性较强,市场开发能力、向社会争取资源的能力有待提高,政府购买服务的制度尚需进一步完善。从体育社会组织加强自身能力建设,体育总会发挥相应作用、做好服务,以及政府切实做好培育与扶持工作三方面提出改善建议     

Indonesia’s original sin: mass killings and capitalist expansion, 1965–66

Following an aborted coup attempt in October 1965, the Indonesian military organized what turned out to be one of the most horrifying massacres of the twentieth century. More than half a million people were killed while hundreds of thousands of others were detained for years in prison camps throughout the country. There are two major points that this paper attempts to make. First, that the killings are in fact a case of state violence despite of the efforts to make it look like spontaneous violence. Second, that the killings are crucial to the expansion of capitalism in Indonesia. Using Marx’s concept of ‘primitive accumulation’, it attempts to show that the mass killings and arrests, the expropriation of people from their houses and lands, and the elimination of working‐class political formations, are integral parts of an economic strategy of the New Order.     

Reading the mass violence in Indonesia 1965–1966 as a form of primitive accumulation

Abstract

A human rights perspective is compromised in its ability to understand and respond to the mass violence that took place in Indonesia, largely against members and supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) from 1965–1966. In “Indonesia's Original Sin: Mass Killings and Capitalist Expansion, 1965–66,” Hilmar Farid makes the point that a human rights standpoint is limited when capital or its various actors, are involved in propagating and/or perpetrating mass violence. In starting to fashion an alternative reading, Farid proposes Marx's notion of primitive accumulation. While Farid's position is suggestive, I contend that his analysis is marred by a number of theoretical weaknesses, which I attempt to sublate in this article. As such, I will offer an alternative reading of primitive accumulation perceived through a multi-dimensional local/global dialectic.     

湖南省群众体育发展定位与策略选择研究

为建立区域体育理论,解决湖南省群众体育发展中存在的问题。采用文献资料法、调查法和逻辑分析法,对湖南省群众体育发展进行研究。结果表明：现代社会建设中湖南省应根据＂强基固本＂、＂打造特色＂的定位目标把湖南群众体育分四大版块规划发展（即大湘东版块种植国际知名休闲体育城市的种子,南、西、北三大版块发展优势项目及湖湘特色）,同时提出群众体育发展中可进行的策略选择。     

社会公平语境中我国城乡群众体育发展的差异与统筹

以社会公平视角审视我国城乡群众体育的发展差异,认为二者当前在体育权利平等与体育机会均等二个方面均存在程度不同的不公平现象,体育公共政策不对称、体育资源配置差异显著、体育权利实现失衡是其集中表现。而城市偏向的经济及政治制度、竞技优先的体育发展战略、城乡居民生产生活方式及受教育水平的差异是造成不公平的主因。据此提出以科学发展观统筹城乡体育,制定城乡群众体育一体化发展规划;改革创新农村体育公共服务产品供给机制,纾缓供求矛盾;发挥城乡各自优势,寻求不同的群众体育发展路径和模式;夯实城乡均衡发展格局的区域支撑(点);加强宣传指导,提高农民体育意识和组织化程度,激发农村体育文化消费需求等统筹发展的对策。     

我国城市社区体育建设的现状及发展对策

以城市社区体育建设特点为视角,以体育社会学、经济学为切入点,运用文献综述、调查访问方法,对我国城市社区体育现状进行分析。结果显示,我国城市社区体育建设比较落后,分布不平衡,与经济发展不符。所以,在此基础上提出符合实情,可体现有利城市社区体育建设的发展对策。     

中国优秀女子赛艇运动员身体指数研究

对中国优秀女子赛艇运动员的身体指数内在规律进行了探索。结果表明:1)中国优秀女子赛艇运动员的身体指数反映了赛艇运动对运动员体格体型特点高度专项化的一般要求。即身材高大健硕、两臂修长、大腿粗壮有力。2)x1(克托莱指数)、x16(大腿围指数)和x2(身高胸围指数)可有效反映中国优秀女子赛艇运动员的综合形态水平。建立的回归方程经回代检验具有较高的可靠性和有效性,可据此预测、评判运动员的综合形态水平。3)中国优秀女子赛艇公开级和轻量级运动员的身体指数在总体上存在着显著性差异。4)本研究建立了由克托莱指数、大腿围指数和身高胸围指数为变量的判别函数,回判检验表明,该函数可有效鉴别运动员的隶属组别,并可对公开级和轻量级运动员的身体指数合理性进行评判。