自闭症儿童的行为问题辅导--功能评估的应用研究

自闭症儿童的行为问题是其主要障碍之一.近年来应用广泛的功能评估为正确评估与干预行为问题提供了新的机会.功能评估的实施有三种方法,分别是资料收集法、直接观察法和功能分析法.许多研究支持了功能评估的有效性,但还需要对其进行深入的研究.     

Teachers’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of three-dimensional virtual worlds for social skills practice

This case study describes how a systematic 7-Step Virtual Worlds Teacher Training Workshop guided the enculturation of 18 special education teachers into three-dimensional virtual worlds. The main purpose was to enable these teachers to make informed decisions about the usability of virtual worlds for students with social skills challenges, such as students with autism. A 10-point rating scale was used to measure the perceived usability of virtual worlds for social skills practice. Although the mean usability was higher after the intervention, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the mean ratings (p = .14). A majority of the participants (76%) tended to be supportive of the idea of using virtual worlds in special education. Three key themes emerged from the qualitative instruments, namely, Virtual World Pedagogy, Virtual World Benefits, and Virtual World Challenges, encompassing 18 codes overall. This article focuses on the benefits and challenges of virtual worlds for social skills practice as perceived by special education teachers. Social skills practice and repeated practice opportunities in a stress-reduced environment emerged as the key benefits, although these affordances were affected by various challenges. The study concludes with suggestions for future research for special education purposes.     

A qualitative study of specialist schools’ processes of eliciting the views of young people with autism spectrum disorders in planning their transition to adulthood

Government legislation and research literature highlight the importance of the participation of pupils with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) in planning for their transition to adulthood. However, effective processes which enable their participation are under‐researched. In this study, nine teaching staff from two specialist schools in the north‐west of England were interviewed and a transition meeting was observed in one school to explore these processes. Analyses indicate that in both schools, enabling the participation of young people with ASD in the planning for their transition to adulthood involves three phases and is underpinned by a person‐centred ethos. Although the processes were perceived to be effective, the participation of pupils varied between schools. Final decisions still tend to be made by schools and the local authority due to limited external resources. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

自闭症视障儿童的个案评估

视障教育教师团队使用了 5个评定表 ,对一名刚入学的自闭症视障儿童进行评估和分析 ,发现 :该学生功能性听力异常、触觉有过敏倾向、言语无法表达、情绪和行为异常 ,但智力正常、人际关系良好、身体发育正常 ,该学生被诊断为自闭症视障儿童。针对个案评估结果 ,提出了合理的教育对策。     

3名不同类型儿童心理推测能力的比较研究

本研究以自编的两个测验故事为测量工具,考察了同是9岁的3名不同类型儿童(高功能孤独症儿童、轻度智力障碍儿童和正常儿童)心理推测能力的水平及异同。结果表明:这三名儿童都能对自我和他人行为进行预期,但他们都没能通过错误信念测试。其中,轻度智力障碍儿童朱某很难理解自我和他人愿望,他和高功能孤独症儿童王某又在理解他人消极性情绪上存在缺陷。相比较而言,正常儿童的心理推测能力最好,其次是高功能孤独症儿童,再次是轻度智力障碍儿童。     

The Development of Object Permanence in Children with Intellectual Disability,Physical Disability,Autism, and Blindness

This article presents a review of the literature on object permanence with an emphasis on research on children with severe disabilities. Object permanence is the realisation that objects continue to exist in time and place even when they are no longer visible. This understanding is achieved across Stages IV(VI of Piaget’s Sensorimotor Period. Children with intellectual disability, physical disabilities, blindness, and autism develop object permanence in a similar sequence although at a slower rate than children without disabilities. Challenges with regulation make it difficult for children with autism to demonstrate object permanence knowledge in Stage VI tasks. There is ample evidence that children with severe disabilities benefit from direct and systematic instruction of object permanence. Assessment‐based instruction, establishment of visual attention, consideration of the characteristics of the object to be hidden (including the impact on differential attention), repeated naming of the object, individually appropriate prompting procedures, and direct reinforcement have been found to support mastery of object permanence in children with disabilities.     

社会故事法在儿童自闭症干预中的应用研究述评

社会故事法是1991年由Gray C提出的自闭症干预方法.它以心理理论为主要理论依据,强调通过提高患者对社会情境和社会行为规则的理解来促进患者社会能力的发展.十几年来的一系列实验研究已经初步证明,社会故事法独立使用或与其他干预方法配合使用都能有效减少患者的不适当社会行为,增加适当社会行为,而且疗效能够保持,应用情境也比较广泛.但相对而言,社会故事法在具有良好阅读能力的轻度自闭症患者身上取得的干预效果会更好些.     

自闭症儿童问题行为矫正个案研究

心身机能活性运动疗法是20世纪后新兴起的一种康复疗法,最初用于肢体障碍和心理障碍两大类人群。心身机能活性运动疗法对自闭症各个方面的影响目前还处于探讨阶段。本研究运用心身机能运动疗法对一名自闭症儿童进行为期三个月的训练,比较三方面问题行为的前后变化,证明了该方法对改善自闭症儿童问题行为和提高其社会交往能力是有效的,本文还对干预过程进行了反思。     

体育游戏对孤独症儿童沟通行为影响的个案研究

旨在探讨体育游戏对孤独症儿童沟通行为的影响。采用A-B-A实验设计对3名孤独症儿童沟通行为进行体育游戏干预,以社交沟通为主线创设体育游戏,运用示范、辅助、强化等多种策略促进沟通。结果表明：经过12周体育游戏的密集干预,3名孤独症儿童主动沟通行为次数显著增加,沟通技能有所提高。由此得出体育游戏对部分孤独症儿童沟通行为的改善有积极的促进作用。     

A strategy to improve pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy towards inclusive physical education for students with intellectual disability and autism

This study sought to investigate the effect of adapted physical education (APE) courses and practica on pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy (SE) towards inclusive physical education (PE) for students with intellectual disability (ID) and autism. Three hundred and fifty-six students (male?=?254, female?=?102) enrolled in adapted physical education teacher education (APETE) programmes in Korea participated in a specially developed survey which was analysed using multilevel modeling. The results of a multilevel modeling analysis revealed that APE courses and practica do indeed have a significant effect on the pre-service teachers’ SE towards teaching students with ID and autism in general PE classes. Study participants reported that taking more than 15 APE credits significantly improved their level of SE.