少数民族贫困地区扶贫制度变迁的特殊性与优化

在我国扶贫开发体系的形成过程中,由于制度变迁的路径依赖和区域特殊性,少数民族贫困地区扶贫制度变迁相对迟缓,而且政府在扶贫中的作用比其他贫困地区更强,加上扶贫委托代理制度存在的缺陷,使其扶贫效率较低;同时,少数民族贫困地区扶贫制度的变迁多为强制性变迁,没有经过从诱致性变迁到强制性变迁的转变过程,而且正式制度的变迁与其非正式制度存在较大摩擦,使得扶贫制度变迁的适用性较低。应加快少数民族贫困地区扶贫开发制度的变迁速度;引导与鼓励诱致性制度变迁,增强制度诱致性变迁与强制性变迁的结合;优化扶贫开发委托代理制度,实现"权责利"统一,提高扶贫效率。     

Diversification in Argentine higher education: Dimensions and impact of private sector growth

Private education is a remarkably dynamic area of change in post-secondary education, particularly in Latin America. Evidence of growth in the number of private institutions and enrollment suggests that higher education is becoming increasingly diversified into two sectors – public and private. While this appears to be true throughout Latin America, and much of the developing world, recent evidence from Argentina casts doubt on the degree to which private sector growth trends may actually translate into a significant increase in the impact of private institutions in higher education, where impact is proxied by the relative share of student enrollment and graduates. This study explores the dimensions and impact of private expansion in Argentina, and places the findings in a comparative (regional) and theoretical framework. The analysis shows that, despite unprecedented growth in the number of private universities, the public sector remains the dominant provider of university education. Private institutions, while certainly more numerous and training a growing number of students, do not account for a larger share of university enrollment. They have, however, developed specific niches (e.g., in graduate level training and in urban areas). Significantly, following a pattern of institutional proliferation found throughout Latin America, some private universities offer elite alternatives to prestigious public institutions. The findings serve to qualify apparent `gains' in private higher education and to underscore the need for further research into the relevant intrasectoral (public and private) dimensions of change in post-secondary education.     

Graduates on the labor market: Formal and informal post-school training investments

The purpose of this article is to obtain an understanding of which factors determine whether an university graduate receives formal on-the-job training or not and the amount of informal training received. Using a cross-sectional survey of Spanish graduates, this paper confirms that the informal training graduates receive in their jobs is more intense among doctors and lawyers – professions that require a more extensive period of learning before reaching the required level of skills. Likewise, those graduates that hold jobs requiring greater know-how than they can actually provide (infra-educated) also receive more informal training. In the case of formal training, the likelihood of taking part in in-house training programs is greater among civil servants and the employees of large private firms. However, the belief that workers with higher ability (a positive signal of a worker’s trainability) should have higher chances of receiving employer-provided formal training is not confirmed in this study.     

非正规就业群体的社会保护

目前我国就业和再就业工作困难，社会保障收支缺口越来越大，而采取灵活就业方式的人员越来越多。他们的中断参保和社会保险关系接续难的问题也比较突出。因此，对非正规就业群体的社会保护应成为社会关注的对象，从而缓解我国就业压力。     

PIAAC results on opportunities for informal learning in the workplace in Spain / Resultados PIAAC sobre las oportunidades para el aprendizaje informal en el puesto de trabajo en España

This article uses data from the PIAAC (Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competences) Background Questionnaire to describe conditions related to informal learning (IL) in the workplace and opportunities to learn informally in organizations in Spain. PIAAC data indicate that in Spain, informal learning processes in organizations are a common, everyday practice. However, some differences have been found in the intensity of this learning by gender, the position that the employee occupies and the business sector in which the organization is framed. This study opens some future avenues to develop further knowledge about IL mechanisms and practices in the workplace, as a strategy to help towards the development of people and organizations.     

加强林业培训基地建设 搞好重点工程配套培训——兼论中德林业培训与进修项目在六大重点工程培训中的功效

加强林业培训基地建设是搞好六大重点工程配套培训的重要基础。以北京林业管理干部学院为执行方 的中德林业培训与进修项目在支持林干院按时代要求确立新的发展方位,提高培训能力,直接推进林业培训活动等方 面发挥了最大限度的影响力,对林业行业培训、特别是六大重点工程配套培训产生了助推功效。     

The Brazilian experience with agroecological extension: a critical analysis of reform in a pluralistic extension system

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To analyze the Brazilian experience in designing and implementing a recent extension policy reform based on agroecology, and reflect on its wider theoretical implications for extension reform literature. Design/methodology/approach: Using a critical public analysis we characterize the evolution of Brazilian federal extension policy between 2004 and 2015, using political and legal documents as well as recent academic studies for policy frame characterization and implementation analysis. Findings: The case reveals the difficulty of implementing an agroecological extension approach as part of the endogenous development proposal expressed in 2004 PNATER. The agroecological proposal tended to be impaired by a more general demand for diverse public policy programs implementation, facing a series of institutional constraints. A policy reframing process led to a search for alternatives to make it compatible with a federal centralization trend and public administration rules, resulting in a contracting out emphasis. Theoretical implications: The study shows the political economy aspects of extension reform, and how original plans are influenced by path dependence and different and contrasting demands. Practical implications: The study points to the importance of considering political and institutional environments in extension reforms, and indicates a necessity for additional reflection about strategies for scaling up proposals for agroecological and sustainability oriented extension. Originality/value: Few studies are dedicated to understanding the political economy of extension reform, and reform of Brazilian rural extension systems.     

弱势教育部门“国民待遇”问题的政策研究

我国政府对弱势教育部门具有公共产品政策情怀,而公众则对弱势教育产品持有私人物品消费立场,两者的冲突构成弱势教育部门市场竞争能力障碍,损害了弱势教育部门的发展机遇与社会公正。政府有责任在提高教育资源配置效率的同时,消除双重政策,平衡国家利益、部门利益与私人利益,为弱势教育部门提供公平保护,促进教育系统安全运行与社会协调发展。     

Evaluation of the Long-Term Impact of a University High School Summer Science Program on Students' Interest and Perceived Abilities in Science

Many biomedical research universities have established outreach programs for precollege students and teachers and partnerships with local school districts to help meet the challenges of science education reform. Science outreach programs held in university research facilities can make science more exciting and innovative for high school students and can offer them much more insight into the nature of science and laboratory research than is available in most high school science courses. This paper describes a long-term follow-up study of high school students enrolled in the Summer Science Academy program at the University of Rochester to investigate the program's impact on students' perceived abilities in higher level science courses, on participation in extracurricular science programs, as well as the program's impact on student interest in pursuing a career in science. Students' exposure during SSA to advanced laboratory techniques and their participation in authentic science investigations provided them with a very positive hands-on experience. Students who attended the program indicated that it provided a positive influence on their performance in advanced science courses, as well as their decision to participate in other science programs and their desire to pursue a career in science.