‘I will do it but religion is a very personal thing’: teacher education applicants’ attitudes towards teaching religion in Ireland

There has been extensive research internationally describing teachers’ homogenous socio-demographic backgrounds and critiquing the associated equity and diversity issues, most especially with regard to ethnicity and gender, and to a lesser extent, social class and disability. Yet, teachers’ religious affiliations and/or convictions have rarely been explored. Since 96% of state primary schools in Ireland are denominational, considering religious diversity in teaching is both critically important and a complex undertaking. This paper examines primary initial teacher education (ITE) applicants’ religiosity, and views of teaching religion, in Ireland. Our data suggest low levels of religious practice and religiosity among ITE applicants, many of whom would prefer to teach religion using a non-confessional approach. The paper raises critical questions regarding the experiences, constitutional rights and professional practice of increasingly secular and/or non-practicing Catholic teacher cohorts in a predominantly Catholic primary education system that has survived the trend towards progressive ‘unchurching’ of Europe.     

多情景下基于财富效用的排污权定价模型研究

应用财富效用函数研究了不完全竞争市场下排污权交易的价格形成模型.首先,借助排污权交易中出售方与购入方所获利润的财富效用函数,构造排污权交易定价的协商模型,推导出排污权交易价格的边际效用零和方程.再而,由于排污权市场的交易价格受交易价格偏好、交易成本、市场势力、预期排污权价格等因素的影响,借助案例计算分析了交易价格偏好、交易成本、市场势力等参数的不对称性对均衡价格的影响,并佐以图表形式说明.