固化“你我”的称代功能及其固化表征

文章讨论固化"你我"的称代功能及其固化表征,顺便论及相关的"你我他"的使用情况。"你我"原是联合短语,本来意义是"你"和"我"的加合,指两个人。固化后"你我"语义泛化,定指性大为降低,泛指大家,不再指两个人。文章还对"你我"固化予以认知解释。     

生成视野中的国外教学设计理论本土化问题研究

国外教学设计理论经过了产生期、形成期、盛行期、革新期等发展阶段,其生成一是依赖于社会需要的促动,二是取决于认识论、学习心理学和教学设计的整合,三是信息技术的革命性影响。国外教学设计理论在本土化过程中存在诸多问题,如基于本土的教学设计创新不足、缺乏心理学等基础学科与信息技术的支撑、教师自身缺乏教学设计观念与能力等。要解决这些问题,必须正确认识与评价国外教学设计思想,促进教学设计的本土创新;构建研究共同体,促进教学设计理论与实践的结合;增强教师的教学设计观念与能力;构建以＂学习者＂为中心的教学设计模式。     

Instructional leadership practices in Singapore

This paper presents a review of the literature on principal instructional leadership in Singapore. The authors investigated the dimensions of instructional leadership in the practices of Singapore principals and highlighted the strategies these leaders adopt to enact their instructional roles. Singapore principals were found to play an active role in defining the school vision and promoting the school climate. However, in the areas of curriculum implementation and classroom instruction, the middle management team in the school played more active roles as compared to principals. Five broad conclusions were discussed to provide perspectives on instructional leadership practices in Singapore. This paper also highlighted limitations on current instructional leadership research in Singapore and pointed to areas of future research.     

平面设计类网络课程的教学交互研究

网络课程教学交互水平的质量决定了网络教学效果。针对目前平面设计类网络课程存在的问题,分析网络教学交互理论,构建基于项目引导的"主导—主体"平面设计类网络课程教学交互模式。在分析学生特点、课程性质及教学目标的基础上,结合媒介从教学内容、教学支持两方面开展教学交互设计,以期为网络课程教学质量提供保障。     

Professional development to support principals' vision of science instruction: Building from their prior experiences to support the science practices

The implementation of science reform must be viewed as a systems-level problem and not just focus on resources for teachers and students. High-capacity instructional leadership is essential for supporting classroom science instruction. Recent reform efforts include a shift from learning about science facts to figuring out scientific phenomena in which students use science practices as they build and apply disciplinary core ideas. We report findings from a research study on professional development (PD) to support instructional leaders' learning about the science practices. After participating in the PD, the instructional leaders' familiarity with and leadership content knowledge of the science practices significantly improved. Initially, principals used their understandings from other disciplines and content neutral visions of classrooms to make sense of science instruction. For example, they initially used their understandings of models and argument from ELA and math to make sense of science classroom instruction. Furthermore, some principals focused on content neutral strategies, like a clear objective. Over the course of the PD workshops, principals took up the language of the science practices in more nuanced and sophisticated ways. Principals' use of the language of the science practices became more frequent and shifted from identifying or defining them to considering quality and implementation in science classrooms. As we design tools to support science, we need to consider instructional leaders as important stakeholders and develop resources to specifically meet their needs. If the science feels too unfamiliar or intimidating, principals may avoid or reframe science reform efforts. Consequently, it is important to leverage instructional leaders' resources from other disciplines and content neutral strategies as bridges for building understanding in science. We argue that the science practices are one potential lever to engage in this work and shift instructional leaders' understandings of science instruction.     

Instructional practices in secondary science: How teachers achieve local and standards-based success

This article reports on analyses of the instructional practices of six middle- and high-school science teachers in the United States who participated in a research-practice partnership that aims to support reform science education goals at scale. All six teachers were well qualified, experienced, and locally successful—respected by students, parents, colleagues, and administrators—but they differed in their success in supporting students' three-dimensional learning. Our goal is to understand how the teachers' instructional practices contributed to their similarities in achieving local success and to differences in enabling students' learning, and to consider the implications of these findings for research-practice partnerships. Data sources included classroom videos supplemented by interviews with teachers and focus students and examples of student work. We also compared students' learning gains by teacher using pre–post assessments that elicited three-dimensional performances. Analyses of classroom videos showed how all six teachers achieved local success—they led effectively managed classrooms, covered the curriculum by teaching almost all unit activities, and assessed students' work in fair and efficient ways. There were important differences, however, in how teachers engaged students in science practices. Teachers in classrooms where students achieved lower learning gains followed a pattern of practice we describe as activity-based teaching, in which students completed investigations and hands-on activities with few opportunities for sensemaking discussions or three-dimensional science performances. Teachers whose students achieved higher learning gains combined the social stability characteristic of local classroom success with more demanding instructional practices associated with scientific sensemaking and cognitive apprenticeship. We conclude with a discussion of implications for research-practice partnerships, highlighting how partnerships need to support all teachers in achieving both local and standards-based success.     

“无形之手”与科学的社会运行——析霍尔对科学的自然主义解释

霍尔试图通过一种类似于亚当·斯密“无形之手”的解释,来重新阐明自然科学在社会中的运行机制以及科学取得成功的原因。在霍尔看来,传统科学哲学对科学合理性的解释是不成功的,因为其最主要的解释方法——“直接说明”忽略了科学作为社会建制的时间性和社会性特征。更重要的是,它没有注意到科学家的个人活动与作为一个整体的科学是两个不同层面的问题,它们二者是“相互独立的”,因此符合“独立性要求”。这一相互独立的特征决定了自然主义科学哲学对科学的解释必须是一种“无形之手”的模式,换言之,“无形之手”模式是自然主义超越传统科学哲学说明的重要一环。     

M.邦格的社会科学机制解释探析

针对社会科学的传统解释模式的困境,基于对机制的重要性和普适性的充分认识,马里奥·邦格提出了自己独特的社会科学的机制解释思想。这种新的社会科学解释模式,不仅满足了社会科学理论上的解释需求,而且与社会现实关联密切,具有重要的实践意义。     

教学设计有效性形成的途径探究

教学设计要围绕有效性展开,为实现有效教学提供可能性。要探究教学方案有效性得以形成的方法途径,必须要把握住学生的特点以及根据课程标准所生成的教学目标,将有效性的本质与学生和学习目标的特点结合起来。根据对教学方案有效性的本质的理解,可以采用立足于学生的学习准备、层级化多情节设计和预设与生成相结合等方法来形成教学方案的有效性。