Mutual Benefits or Managerial Control? The Role of Appraisal in Performance Related Pay for Teachers

In its proposals for a Performance Related Pay (PRP) scheme for teachers the Labour Government has presented appraisal as having a dual role. It is to be used to determine the pay of teachers making reference to quantitative targets; and to facilitate teachers'professional development. This article examines the tensions between these two functions of appraisal.     

Teacher professionalism in educational reform: the experiences of Hong Kong and Shanghai

Beginning in the 1990s, the education departments of Hong Kong and Shanghai began to actively initiate reform with a focus on the quality of education. In reviewing the implementation of educational reform in these two societies, we found that Hong Kong teachers tended to only adopt those policies which they felt were beneficial for students' learning, whereas Shanghai teachers tended to conform more to the state's requirements. Teachers in Hong Kong strongly expressed their frustration over the intensification of their work, while teachers in Shanghai seldom expressed disagreement over the state initiatives. Concerning the meaning of teacher professionalism, teachers in Hong Kong were more able than their counterparts in Shanghai to develop their own interpretations. However, at the same time, teachers' work in Hong Kong was still being monitored by the emerging schooling market, while the work of Shanghai teachers was monitored by the state. Teachers' work in both societies can be interpreted as ‘confined professionalism’. In addition, in both of the two societies teachers' awareness of their professionalism was comparatively weak. Further empowerment in this area is needed.     

江苏职业教育结构体系的初步分析

江苏的高等职业教育、中等职业教育以及各类培训机构等构成了江苏职业教育结构体系,并体现了鲜明的特点。明确这些,对完善江苏职业教育体系,从而加强衔接、走集约化发展之路,以及缩小地区差异等具有重要意义。     

农户耕地利用的可持续集约化——理论框架、水平测度及其确权响应

可持续集约利用是实现耕地“三位一体”保护的有效方式,其水平高低与农户要素配置有关,而地权强度是影响农户配置行为的重要变量,农地确权的按期完成也为检验其制度绩效提供了一个良好的外生自然实验。本文基于2017年山东省三县（区）农户实地调查,构建“耕地利用的可持续集约化（SICL）概念内涵—SICL水平测算—SICL确权响应及其响应机理”的分析框架,探讨SICL的概念内涵,测算农户层面的SICL水平,理论剖析并实证检验了农地确权是否以及如何影响了耕地的可持续集约利用水平。研究发现：①SICL包括经营集约化、产出高效化、资源节约化、生态环境不退化4个维度,可从“投入-产出”范畴衡量。②样本农户SICL水平集中于“低度可持续集约利用”区间,五莲组农户SICL水平相对不可持续,而东平组和垦利组状况相对较好。③耕地利用对农地确权的响应表现为可持续集约化的效率改善或耗散,这与农户是否具备与农地确权后相适配的生产要素重配置能力有关。并且,农户家庭距县城越远,确权后耕地利用的非可持续集约化效果越强。随着农户粮食种植专业化程度的提升,农地确权后抑制农户SICL的政策效果会得到缓解。基于此,可从设计SICL评估框架、提高确权后农户的要素配置能力、实施地区差别化政策等入手缓解农地确权对SICL的制度抑制,促进耕地利用的可持续集约化转型。     

Leadership succession

In the year 2007 in Scotland, in common with countries elsewhere in the world, the difficulty of recruiting high-calibre school leaders was becoming an increasing concern. The recruitment and retention study, commissioned by the Scottish Government and undertaken by three universities (Cambridge, Edinburgh and Glasgow), was charged with exploring the reasons for the shortfall of appropriate applicants. The study involved a national survey of teachers and head teachers, discussions with local authority administrators and follow-up interviews with a sample of respondents. The study identified on the one hand a common core of ‘satisfiers’ and ‘dissatisfiers’ of headship together with incentives and disincentives to apply for the job. A range of strategies adopted to cope with the pressures of the job illustrate the degree to which individuals respond by simply drowning in excessive paperwork and multiple accountabilities or are able to be adventurous and risk-taking with an ability to ‘fly below the radar’.     

浅谈公租房的模块化多功能家具设计

因公共租赁房空间相对狭小,故其家具设计应采用集约化的设计理念,功能模块化的设计手法能较好地满足不同客户的个性化需求。模块化、多功能家具的配备还能节约公共租赁房投资方与运营方的经营成本。     

Public narratives under intensified market conditions: Chile as a critical case

This paper aims to extend existing theorisations around the notion of public narratives by analysing their regulatory effects under intensified market conditions. My analysis suggests that public narratives constitute a liminal space, one that it is not exclusively real or imaginary, factual or normative, but that simultaneously affects and is affected by vernacular practices and wider discursive structures. However, this paper argues that, under extreme conditions, these public narratives become a rigidifying space with homogenising/normalising effects. To do this I look at a set of ‘obligatory scenes’ captured in tales of success and struggle of teachers, parents and students in popular newspapers and fringe media in Chile. These accounts share a common ground: national assessment as a framework of intelligibility for the practices of parents, teachers and students. The central claim of this paper is that under intensified market conditions the scenes captured in these publicly available stories become ‘obligatory’ storylines, and their protagonists idealised policy subjects.     

规模养殖与畜禽污染关系研究——以生猪养殖为例

厘清规模养殖与畜禽污染之间的关系有助于中国政府采取有针对性的措施治理畜禽污染。利用江西、山东、福建、江苏和四川5省份754个生猪养殖户微观调查数据,实证检验了规模养殖与畜禽污染之间的关系。研究结果表明：规模养殖和畜禽污染之间呈现出较为明显的倒U型曲线关系,即小规模养殖和大规模养殖所产生的畜禽污染较低,而中等程度的规模养殖所产生的畜禽污染较高。种养结合比例、政府环保规制程度以及政府补贴程度是造成不同规模养殖户畜禽污染差异的主要原因;户主年龄、户主文化程度、家庭人均耕地面积、产业组织情况、家庭非农劳动力比例、信息认知、政府补贴以及技术培训等变量,也是影响养殖户畜禽污染排放的重要因素。促进中等规模养殖户向适度规模的家庭农场经营方式转变、提高生猪养殖组织化程度、完善畜禽污染治理激励政策以及加强畜禽清洁生产技术培训是促进中国规模养殖与环境协调发展的主要途径。     

调度、变电一体化人才培养模式的创新

根据国家电网公司"三集五大"体系建设的总体要求,在确保电网安全稳定运行的前提下,实现电网调度业务与运行监控业务的融合,强化电网运行管理,使电网集约化管理水平得到全面提升;文章论述了需要对电网调度运行和设备运行监控人员进行电网调度、设备监控业务的综合培训,达到适应调控一体化运作的需要。     

我国高产高效现代农业发展的战略

面对人口增加、粮食单产徘徊以及集约化农业环境代价日益加剧的严峻局面, 将高产和高效结合, 持续提高作物单产, 同时高效利用有限的资源, 即实现大面积高产高效成为我国乃至世界现代农业发展的唯一选择。文章介绍了国际高产高效现代农业发展道路的探索实例, 分析了我国粮食作物高产高效的潜力及需要解决的关键问题, 阐述了我国发展高产高效现代农业的"两步走战略"的内涵、途径及其措施。