海峡两岸科学合作的前沿与前景——两岸优势学科合作论文的可视化分析

海峡两岸科学合作与协同发展,是两岸合作与发展的重要组成部分。以SCI数据库中两岸科学合作论文为数据来源,从贝尔纳关于科学合作的科学学视角,用科学计量学和知识可视化的方法,对海峡两岸科学合作的发展态势和研究前沿进行了探测。展望了深化和拓展两岸科学合作的未来前景,提出把两岸科学合作研究前沿延伸到两岸协同创新,建立以两岸合资企业为主体、以民用产业技术研发为任务、产学研相结合的两岸产业技术研发联盟,并使之成为网络环境下赛博支持的发现—创新体系。     

Effective incomplete contracts and milestones in market-distant R&D collaboration

R&D outsourcing is often conducted during the early, market-distant stages of the innovation process. However, the main obstacle to this potentially efficient interfirm specialization is the high danger of moral hazard. Most organizational mechanisms fail to control that type of opportunism because of information asymmetries, even ex post. In the theory of incomplete contracts, this problem is mitigated by assigning the control rights to the supplier. To date, empirical studies have mainly investigated the interfirm distribution of the control rights. However, we do not know yet which concrete control right is crucial with regard to supplier opportunism, which is the decisive dependent variable. Our study addresses this research gap. For the first time, we extend the empirical focus from biotechnology and pharmaceutical firm alliances to a cross-industry sample of 113 collaboration cases. The results show the effectiveness of contracts that ex ante assign patent ownership rights to the supplier. The findings are also relevant for management practice because the majority of practitioners do not use this contract type yet, although there is no sign of an effective alternative.     

Technological collaboration in product innovation: The role of market competition and sectoral technological intensity

Drawing on the strategic alliances and innovation literature, this study proposes that the impact of technological collaboration on product innovation is contingent on market competition and sectoral technology characteristics. Specifically, it argues that the generally observed positive effect of technological collaboration on product innovation may be diluted in highly competitive markets, and the interactive effect of technological collaboration and market competition on product innovation will be further moderated by sectoral technological intensity. Data on the product innovation and technological collaboration of 944 Chinese firms across five manufacturing sectors provide robust support for the contingent effects of technological collaboration on product innovation.     

European Schoolnet: enabling school networking

School networking is increasingly important in a globalised world, where schools themselves can be actors on an international stage. This article builds on the activities and experience of the longest established European initiative in this area, European Schoolnet (EUN), a network of 31 Ministries of Education. First, we offer an introduction covering school networks. We then describe the case of European Schoolnet, its history, role, and relationship with other school networks in the world. We then describe the underlying structure of EUN school networks and their basic characteristics. Using these basic characteristics as a framework, we consider a number of eTwinning, European Schoolnet networks: Network of Innovative Schools (ENIS) and myEUROPE. Last, we identify key features of network literacy, potential future trends in school networks, and areas where further research is needed in this field, and offer some recommendations.     

教师合作文化构建策略探析

教师文化一般分为合作型和封闭性两类,不同类型的教师文化对学校和教师专业发展的影响是截然不同的。在积极贯彻新课程理念,提倡教师合作文化的探索过程中,采取团队学习、师徒带教、扁平化管理、阶梯形教师专业发展认定方式等构建策略,能够有效地促进教师合作文化的生成。     

试析CSCL的理论基础及协作原则

随着学习的社会属性越来越成为一种共识,协作学习越来越受到普遍重视。计算机技术的介入促成了计算机支持的协作学习的诞生和迅速发展。本文分析了计算机支持的协作学习的内涵,提出把维果茨基的社会文化理论、活动理论和群体动力学作为CSCL的核心理论基础;并在此基础上,探讨了CSCL的协作原则。     

社会网络视角下跨区域产学协同创新绩效的影响因素研究

本文基于社会网络分析方法,构建以中国各省份为结点、省份间协同创新绩效为联结的跨区域产学协同创新网络,以负二项回归模型探究跨区域产学协同创新绩效的影响因素。得出如下结论：个体网络的网络规模、中心度、结构洞,以及整体网络的中心势均对中国跨区域产学协同创新绩效有显著的正向影响;整体网络层面的中心势和密度负向调节个体网络层面的网络规模、中心度和结构洞对跨区域产学协同创新绩效的正向影响作用。当前,应扩大我国各省产学协同创新网络规模,促进知识流动和扩散,提高地方创新效率,辅以有效的政府资源配置,提高国家创新能力。     

Citizens of somewhere: Examining the geography of foreign and native-born academics’ engagement with external actors

This paper explores the geography of academic engagement patterns of native and foreign-born academics, contrasting how patterns of intranational and international engagement with non-academic actors differ between these two groups. We suggest that foreign-born academics will engage more internationally than their native-born colleagues, whereas native-born academics will have greater levels of intranational engagement. Drawing upon a large multi-source dataset, including a major new survey of all academics working in the UK, we find support for the idea that where people are born influences how they engage with non-academic actors. We also find that these differences are attenuated by an individual’s intranational and international experience, ethnicity and language skills. We explore the implications of these findings for policy to support intranational and international academic engagement.     

A temporal perspective on repeated ties across university-industry R&D consortia

Divergent time norms between participating organizations constitute a central barrier to cross-sectoral collaborations. We unpack this tension by studying two distinct time-utilization strategies of university and industry in 1845 R&D consortia. The paper shows that collaborating organizations that are subject to divergent time norms can shift the time focus in their favor through the strategic timing of repeated ties. If university-industry consortia are repeated, this repetition tends to take place either at the beginning of the consortium (parallel timing) or at the end (sequential timing) but typically not in the middle. Industry partners seek to “compress time” by working on different consortia in parallel and therefore want to repeat a collaboration early, whereas universities seek to “extend time” through sequential timing of consortia, i.e., repeat a collaboration at the end or after a consortium has ended. We provide a qualitative substantiation of the identified time-utilization strategies and show that both options coexist in multipartner consortia.     

Crossing disciplinary,institutional and role boundaries in an interdisciplinary consortium

To illuminate barriers to collaboration, this study examines who participates in cross-boundary scholarly collaboration most often and which types of boundary crossing (disciplinary, institutional, role) are engaged in most often. The data of this study came from an interdisciplinary consortium with five partner institutions, including one Historically Black College and University (HBCU). The core disciplines involved in the consortium are life sciences, computer science and math and engineering. Through statistical analysis, we determined that members of the consortium engaged more in interdisciplinary research than inter-institutional research. Participation in all boundary crossing collaborations was greater at the HBCU and students and postdocs were less likely than academics to cross-institutional boundaries.