A Study of Urban–Rural Differences in College Student Employment—Based on National College Sample Survey Data

Abstract

Using large sample data from the 2013 National College Graduate Employment Survey, this article compares and analyzes differences in the job-seeking process and results for college students with urban and rural household registrations and uses a measurement model to explore factors affecting the starting salaries of college students. The research found that in the job seeking results, college students with urban household registrations had higher starting salaries than did college students with rural household registrations, and a greater proportion of college students with urban household registrations entered the main labor market. An overall analysis of the job seeking process shows that compared to college students with rural household registrations, college students with urban household registrations first showed a greater inclination to choosing management and technical professions. Furthermore, they obtain better quality positions by investing more economic resources, making more effective use of information channels, and using less time for job seeking. Finally, a study of the factors impacting starting salaries found that gender factors have a greater impact on college students with urban household registrations, the contribution rate of academic degrees toward starting salary is greater for college students with rural household registrations, and the intergenerational transmission of extent of education and income is more significant for graduates with urban household registrations.     

School building design for feeding programmes and community outreach: Insights from Ghana and South Africa

This article investigates how school building design can support primary school feeding programmes in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore it argues for schools to become community “development hubs”; incorporating both local access to education and also to programmes for nutrition, ICT, health education and other services, outside of school hours. It reviews the literature on school feeding programmes. Data from field research on schools in Ghana and South Africa is used to identify the key design issues for schools delivering feeding programmes. It considers how national education policies can affect school planning and building priorities. The article concludes by calling for the evolution of a new school design model, in which the school site becomes a “development hub”, supporting children” education, associated support activities including school feeding, and importantly also, integrated community development outreach activities.     

城市居民代际之间的职业变化规律研究——以武汉市居民为例

改革开放以来,武汉市居民近四代的职业状况及其影响因素发生了巨大的变化.为此,针对在武汉市居住超过十年且下一代已经参加工作的中年人进行问卷调查.并对武汉市家庭内部四代人之间的职业变化规律进行了分析,结果表明:父代对子代职业选择的影响逐代减弱,不同代际之间的职业变化率均高于职业继承率;总的代际职业变化中,职业结构自身的变迁作用不断减弱,而社会开放程度的影响则逐步增强;职业的社会地位向上流动性逐代减弱,而向下流动性逐代增强;四代人整体的职业社会地位在不断提高.研究结论对解决金融危机局势下的我国大学生就业问题具有重要参考价值.     

Learning habits of students with special needs in short‐term vocational education programmes

This research examined some characteristics of the learning habits of students with special needs and those without them in programmes of short‐term vocational education in five areas: motivation, learning and learning techniques, emotional, social and the area of self‐evaluation. The research sample consisted of 140 students from different secondary schools. The Questionnaire on the Learning Habits of Adolescents was used for the purpose of the study. The differences between the means from individual learning habit scales, between the students with special needs or without them, were discovered by one‐way analysis of variance. Basic findings of empirical research emphasise that there exist statistically significant differences between the students with special needs and the students without special needs in four areas of learning habits. Among the findings causing concern in connection with learning habits, we would like to underscore the fact that students with special needs are perceived as less efficient at and less competent in coping with learning and work tasks. These students are not familiar with effective methods and strategies for successful learning, which leads to the feelings of frustration and helplessness in case of failure. In order to cultivate an effective and supportive educational environment for students with special needs, short‐term vocational schools should develop learning/teaching models that provide a potentially powerful alternative to traditionally directed teaching approaches.     

The effect of two different interval-training programmes on physiological and performance indices

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of an increasing-distance, interval-training programme and a decreasing-distance, interval-training programme, matched for total distance, on aerobic and anaerobic physiological indices. Forty physical education students were randomly assigned to either the increasing- or decreasing-distance, interval-training group (ITG and DTG), and completed two similar relevant sets of tests before and after six weeks of training. One training programme consisted of increasing-distance interval-training (100–200–300–400–500?m) and the other decreasing-distance interval training (500–400–300–200–100?m). While both training programmes led to a significant improvement in VO₂ max (ES?=?0.83–1.25), the improvement in the DTG was significantly greater than in the ITG (14.5?±?3.6 vs. 7.8?±?3.2%, p?<?.05). In addition, while both training programmes led to a significant improvement in all anaerobic indices (ES?=?0.83–1.63), the improvements in peak power (15.7?±?7.8 vs. 8.9?±?4.7), mean power (10.6?±?5.4 vs. 6.8?±?4.4), and fatigue index (18.2?±?10.9 vs. 7.0?±?14.2) were significantly greater in the DTG compared to the ITG (p?<?.05). The main finding of the present study was that beyond the significant positive effects of both training programmes on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, the DTG showed significant superiority over the ITG in improving aerobic and anaerobic performance capabilities. Coaches and athletes should therefore be aware that, in spite of identical total work, an interval-training programme might induce different physiological impacts if the order of intervals is not identical.     

Archival education in scandinavia

In the Scandinavian countries, archival education and training are provided by a great number of actors. There are no traditional archives schools in the sense of the école de chartes but all the other forms of education and training are available. Archival science has a strong presence in universities especially in Sweden, Finland and Norway. A typically Scandinavian characteristic is the prominent role of the National Archives Services as providers of archival education and training. In Finland the National Archives Service has two comprehensive programmes, resulting in formal degrees, for people working in archival duties in the administration or in the private sector. Another markedly Scandinavian characteristic is that records management has a prominent role in educational and training programmes. Also archival associations and foundations are mong the actors in the field of education and training in Scandinavia. The Norwegian “Arkivakademiet” and the Finnish Association of Business Archivists are good examples of this.     

Unequal opportunities in accessing employability-related programmes: South Asian graduates' experiences in Australia

Limited scholarly work has been conducted on obtaining equal opportunities to participate in employability-related programmes by international students while studying in Australia. Drawing on a qualitative study, 20 South Asian postgraduates were interviewed to explore their experiences in accessing employability-related programmes. Based on the findings, South Asian graduates have experienced unequal opportunities in accessing employability-related programmes as postgraduate international students in Australia. They are disadvantaged by generic career advice and resume assistance offered by their university career office, and companies invited to university career fairs offer internships, placements or graduate programme opportunities mostly to domestic students. As a result, South Asian graduates were unable to gain employment in their field of studies. South Asian graduates have also offered several useful recommendations to facilitate more equal chances of developing employability and thereby gaining successful employment in Australia. These include partnerships with companies in providing employment opportunities, diversification of university career office roles, and establishing connections with alumni. The paper also discusses implications for Australian higher education institutions and higher education policy and practice in Australia.     

体育测量学CAI软件的设计与应用初探

根据CAI课件设计原理，结合本人的教学经验，对体育测量学CAI软件的设计与应用进行初步探讨。该CAI系统选用独立型的硬件系统，CC－DOS和Foxbasa为操作系统，以及用程序教学理论和个别指导型来设计课件。模拟操作运行和小范围的试用检验了该系统的设计与应用，并提出了建议。