Musculoskeletal stiffness during hopping and running does not change following downhill backwards walking

Eccentric contractions that provide spring energy can also cause muscle damage. The aim of this study was to explore leg and vertical stiffness following muscle damage induced by an eccentric exercise protocol. Twenty active males completed 60 minutes of backward-walking on a treadmill at 0.67 m/s and a gradient of ? 8.5° to induce muscle damage. Tests were performed immediately before; immediately post; and 24, 48, and 168 hours post eccentric exercise. Tests included running at 3.35 m/s and hopping at 2.2 Hz using single- and double-legged actions. Leg and vertical stiffness were measured from kinetic and kinematic data, and electromyography (EMG) of five muscles of the preferred limb were recorded during hopping. Increases in pain scores (over 37%) occurred post-exercise and 24 and 48 hours later (p < 0.001). A 7% decrease in maximal voluntary contraction occurred immediately post-exercise (p = 0.019). Changes in knee kinematics during single-legged hopping were observed 168 hours post (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in EMG, creatine kinase activity, leg, or vertical stiffness. Results indicate that knee mechanics may be altered to maintain consistent levels of leg and vertical stiffness when eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage is present in the lower legs.     

3种插值法对重金属空间分布求解与对比分析

运用反距离加权插值法、三角线性插值法、Hermite插值对法同一地区的8种重金属的空间分布进行了插值分析,并对结果进行分析对比,发现该地区除汞适合三角线性插值法以外其他均适合反距离加权插值方法.证明了重金属分布的含量与特点决定了插值方法的选取,进一步丰富了插值法对重金属的空间分布实际应用,并结合区域的功能进行分析,使空间分布更能结合于实际应用.     

Validation of a videogrammetry technique for analysing American football helmet kinematics

ABSTRACT

Professional American football games are recorded in digital video with multiple cameras, often at high resolution and high frame rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a videogrammetry technique to calculate translational and rotational helmet velocity before, during and after a helmet impact. In total, 10 football impacts were staged in a National Football League (NFL) stadium by propelling helmeted 50th percentile male crash test dummies into each other or the ground at speeds and orientations representative of concussive impacts for NFL players. The tests were recorded by experienced sports film crews to obtain video coverage and quality typically available for NFL games. A videogrammetry procedure was used to track the position and rotation of the helmet throughout the relevant time interval of the head impact. Compared with rigidly mounted retroreflective marker three dimensional (3-D) motion tracking that was concurrently collected in the experiments, videogrammetry accurately calculated changes in translational and rotational velocity of the helmet using high frame rate (two cameras at 240 Hz) video (7% and 15% error, respectively). Low frame rate (2 cameras at 60 Hz) video was adequate for calculating pre-impact translational velocity but not for calculating the translational or rotational velocity change of the helmet during impact.     

Differences in pedalling technique between road cyclists of different competitive levels

The purpose of this study was to compare the pedalling technique in road cyclists of different competitive levels. Eleven professional, thirteen elite and fourteen club cyclists were assessed at the beginning of their competition season. Cyclists’ anthropometric characteristics and bike measurements were recorded. Three sets of pedalling (200, 250 and 300 W) on a cycle ergometer that simulated their habitual cycling posture were performed at a constant cadence (~90 rpm), while kinetic and kinematic variables were registered. The results showed no differences on the main anthropometric variables and bike measurements. Professional cyclists obtained higher positive impulse proportion (1.5–3.3% and P < 0.05), mainly due to a lower resistive torque during the upstroke (15.4–28.7% and P < 0.05). They also showed a higher ankle range of movement (ROM, 1.1–4.0° and P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found between the cyclists’ body mass and the kinetic variables of pedalling: positive impulse proportion (r = ?0.59 to ?0.61), minimum (r = ?0.59 to ?0.63) and maximum torques (r = 0.35–0.47). In conclusion, professional cyclists had better pedalling technique than elite and club cyclists, because they opted for enhancing pulling force at the recovery phase to sustain the same power output. This technique depended on cycling experience and level of expertise.     

线性代数理论中几个反问题的研究

本文就线性代数中几个重要知识点:矩阵、行列式、线性方程组、线性变换、矩阵对角化等中的反问题进行了研究.     

一类线性矩阵方程的三对角极小范数最小二乘解

根据三对角矩阵的几何特征,利用矩阵的Kronecker积和Moore—Penrose广义逆,给出一类线性矩阵方程的三对角极小范数最小二乘解的表达式．此外,还给出求解该问题的算法和算例．     

我国优秀女子100米栏运动员跨栏步摆动动作的运动学特征分析

运用高速摄影及影片解析法获取我国优秀女子100米栏运动员第五栏跨栏步技术摆动动作运动学参数,并将主要参数与男子高栏和女子短跑运动员进行对比分析。结果表明：支撑阶段摆动腿大腿绕髋关节转动的扇形角度与女子短跑摆腿动作较为接近;摆动腿小腿绕膝关节转动的扇形角度呈前大后小,与短跑相反;摆动腿下压动作略早于男子高栏运动员;摆动大腿前摆的平均角速度快于下压时的平均角速度,摆动小腿折叠平均角速度是小腿打开平均角速度的3.2倍;起跨腿同侧大臂动作大于异侧动作且向前摆动幅度大于向后摆动幅度,起跨腿异侧小臂摆动幅度与同侧大臂相似。     

负荷时间长短对纵跳能力影响的运动学研究

对不同运动负荷时间后纵跳的运动学特征变化规律进行了研究。研究表明：大强度持续运动约3分钟左右，纵跳的跳起高度、起跳速度等运动学指标显著上升，蹬伸时间及到达最大力值的时间缩短；运动5分钟后，上述指标的变化情况正好相反；只有在适宜的运动负荷时间后，纵跳的运动学特征才进行有利于运动能力发挥的较好的组合状态。     

半线性椭圆型偏微分方程反问题解的整体惟一性

研究了半线性椭圆型偏微分方程-Δu+B.gradu+a(x,u)=0u|Ω=g∈W2-1/p,p(Ω)的反问题的解的整体惟一性.证明过程中应用了线性化方法和Dirichlet——Neumann映射.     

C. Krattenthaler’s矩阵反演的简化证明（英文）

在1996 年，C. Krattenthaler 给出了一个能够统一大部分的矩阵反演的通用的矩阵反演公式 并利用这个公式导出了很多新的超几何级数型求和公式，但是其证明非常复杂。本文给出这个反演公式的一个初等证明。